Turkey’s Retailing Sector Analysis

RETAILING INDUSTRY as far as Food-Non Food * Sectorial Overview; Retailing is the business movement that includes selling items/administrations to clients for their non-business, individual or family use. Ordinarily, retailing is the last phase of the conveyance procedure. The center and long haul capability of Turkey retail industry keep staying alluring. Organizations in division bolster the sectorial development with their extension techniques, negative business organization support and incredible money making capabilities.The guarded structure of area and low infiltration reinforce this circumstance. With the expansion in purchaser request, quick urbanization, increment in enormous scope retail ventures the quantity of shopping centers in Turkey expanded by over 20% over the most recent two years. In a similar period, the absolute surface lease zone in Turkey expanded by over 30% and came to As it tends to be seen on the diagram beneath; the all out size of the retail area (sorte d out and chaotic) in Turkey is required to reach $355 billion out of 2013 and develop with 10% until 2016. (See Figure 1 in Appendix)Organized retail, a profoundly encouraging section because of expanding per capita shopper spending and moderately more vulnerable nearness up to now in correlation with created markets, is evaluated to be 40% of the absolute retail industry in Turkey. (See Figure 2 and Figure 3 in Appendix) * The portion of sorted out retail keep expanding; The portion of composed retail which has the degree of %25 in the all out retail showcase in 2000 surpasses the degrees of %50 as indicated by the 2013 forecasts. Turkey composed retail showcase accomplish an amazing development in last 10 years.It is foreseen that the portion of sorted out retailers increment from the level %47 to the level %60 in up and coming 5 years. It is foreseen that the portion of composed retail increments to the degree of %60 till 2015. While the food retail portion comprise the greater part of complete retail showcase, customary structure, for example, nearby markets staple goods despite everything overwhelms the market. It is normal that rough number of 10. 000 sorted out retail location will be twofold in 5-6 years. Plus, it is anticipated that the quantity of goods will be relapse from 150. 00 to 100. 000 at a similar period. Turkey, with its 105 milliard dollars deals figure, is situated in sixth line in Europe retail segment. All things considered, while the complete portion of 5 greatest players in Europe is roughly %50, it is %20 in Turkey. Composed Retail Sector is the quickest extending channel markdown promoting. It is normal that the quantity of roughly 6. 000 rebate stores in Turkey will be twofold in forthcoming 4 or 5 years. With the help of increment in the pay per capita, %12 development is foreseen in retail part somewhere in the range of 2009 and 2015.The markdown store chain in Turkey, (for example, A101, SOK, BIM, DIASA) have an extremely quick development plans. BIM is put in the principal line in rebate promoting with its huge store amount. The organization is wanting to open 300 or 350 new stores each year. The quick increment in store amounts bolsters scale economy and organizations can pull down their deal costs because of the decrease in costs. With the impact of expanding rivalry in segment, it is normal that the development quicken with buying in expected years. Notwithstanding the high rivalry, the retail division is augmenting quickly; 6 significant sorted out food retailing brand comprise %37 of all out market despite isolated structure. It is normal that it will be inorganic development, promoting and reunions, in this manner the organizations will accomplish progressively serious allegations by expanding their buying power in 2013 and later on with the force of rivalry. 2 Major Retailing Companies in the Sector; MIGROS versus BIM and MIGROS which are the noticeable players of Turkey food retail area, are inve stigated in this task as far as their money related analysis.In retailing part, these 2 organizations have an extraordinary impact and they are known as most impressive contenders with their offers everywhere throughout the business. Migros has 6% and BIM has 9% industry shares. (See Figure 4 in the Appendix) 1) BIM (Birlesik Magazalar A. S. ) embraces as a guideline the gracefully of the most excellent fundamental staple to customers, at the most ideal costs. BIM started its tasks in 1995 with 21 stores and in accordance with this guideline. BIM’s item portfolio contains around 600 items. 44. 12% of BIM shares began to be exchanged Istanbul Stock Exchange in 15 July 2005.BIM is the primary delegate of elevated level markdown model in Turkey and the organization got in financial exchange return for its fast development. While BIM completes its seventh year in financial exchange, it turned into the twelfth organization that has most elevated market estimation of Turkey. * Boar d of Directors Mustafa Latif TopbasChairman of the Executive Committee Ekrem PakdemirliVice Chairman of the Board Mahmud MeraliBoard part and has led the Audit Committee Jos SimonsBoard part and advisor. Omer Hulusi TopbasBoard part. Yalc? n OnerBoard part. Dr. Zeki Ziya SozenBoard part. Turnover multiplied to six; The fast development of the organization affected the ascent of BIM , whose capital’s 17,43 percent has a place with Mustafa Latif Topbas, in financial exchange. (See Table 1; Structure of BIM’s Shareholders) BIM ‘s deals incomes were 1. 4 billion TL . Toward the finish of 2011, this incomes came to 8. 2 billion TL. Likewise, the faculty number of the organization expanded around multiple times in 7 years. Toward the finish of 2010, BIM turned into the underwriting pioneer with 6. 5 billion TL in the retailing segment of Turkey and it kept up this situation in 2011.As abroad, while the organization builds the quantity of stores in Morocco, points Egypt for the following year. This year, BIM likewise began to work in versatile correspondence industry with the name of BIMCELL. * Growth Strategy; Aggressive Growth among the contender organizations that quality After 11% expansion in number of stores in 2011, with the quantity of 3. 584 stores in 2012, BIM is the retailer that has the biggest store organize in Turkey. (See Figure 5; Number of Stores ) BIM plans to open 400 new stores in 2013 and arrive at 5. 500 stores in 2015.With the store numbers increments there likewise has been 14% expansion in number of representatives in the organization in 2011. BIM has been extending their business, tasks in each part. (See Figure 6; Number of Employees) These increments in activity side lead to an expansion in number of normal every day clients with 14% in 2011. (See Figure 7; Average number of Daily Customers) obviously with these changes, organization did a 25 percent net deals increment over the business normal in 2011 and 2012. (See Fi gure 8; Sales and Gross Profit Margin) It is evaluated that a business increment more than 20 percent in 2013.Depending on this net deals development, Company’s net benefit has been expanded by 22% in the course of the most recent three years. Because of the expansion in net deals; edge esteems with respect to net benefit, net benefit, EBIT, EBITDA have been diminished more than 3 years. (See Figure 9; Net Profit and Net Profit Margin) With the impact of net deals increment, EBIT has been expanded to 347,5 out of 2011 ( See Figure 10; EBIT and EBIT edge) These was a 19%increase in company’s EBITDA and this implies there is an expansion in amortization so we can say that organization expanded their advantage buys as should be obvious on the related figure. See Figure 11; EBITDA and EBITDA edge) * multiple times has been expanded in 7 years; BIM started to be exchanged with 672. 9 million TL of market an incentive in July, 2005. The estimation of the organization expande d around multiple times in 7 years dependent on TL. The expansion in BIM stocks since the principal exchanging day was 1. 861 percent. Because of its quick development, BIM’s advertise esteem is the over of the Erdemir, Arcelik, Ford Otosan, Finansbank and Vak? fbank notwithstanding Tupras that is the Turkey's biggest mechanical undertaking and treatment facility giant.Also, BIM has delivered its investors an all out profit of 700 million TL in the time of 7 years in the securities exchange. (See Figure 12; BIM Dividend Payment throughout the most recent 5 years). As the company’s benefit expanded profit installments are expanded moreover. There has been a positive connection between them. This is a generally excellent marker for the company’s financial specialists who previously put resources into BIM’s offers and who are intending to contribute. Additionally because of the expansion in BIM’s stock costs and stock incomes; estimation of the organi zation likewise expanded. Along these lines, this circumstance put the organization's central investor, Mustafa Latif Topbas, to the Forbes list. Then again, for each stock BIM has truly elevated returns and it brings some significant dangers likewise for the financial specialists. (See Figure 13; IMKB 100 versus BIM Stocks) When we think about the circumstance of BIM’s stocks in Imkb 100 with supplies of MIGROS, BIM has a better yield, benefit for the financial specialists and in light of the fact that the profits and costs of BIM higher than IMKB 100 and on the grounds that there is an extremely significant contrast between the line as indicated by Figure, BIM’s stocks are additionally worked and esteemed in IMKB 30. For what reason is it rising? * The fast development in the quantity of stores and underwriting. * The high limit of profit installment.. * Increasing gainfulness of the organization consistently. * To extend abroad with Morocco. * To carry new incomes w ith BIMCELL. *3/4 of the offers in financial exchange is had a place with outsiders. * Growth Targets in Egypt after Morocco: BIM will open stores in Egypt by 2013. The organization appraises that the development in Egypt will be quicker contrasted with the development in Morocco. As of late, BIM works in Morocco with 103 stores.And the organization intends to open 50 new stores in Egypt consistently after 2013. 2)MIGROS Originally settled in Turkey in 1954 as a coordinated effort of the Swiss-based Migros Cooperatives Society and the Istanbul region, Migros’s essential crucial to suppl

Basic Techniques of Managing Deviance :: essays research papers

There are 5 essential methods of overseeing abnormality. There is mystery, controlling the physical setting, legitimizations, change to non-d'eviance, and joining freak subcultures. The demonstration of mystery is handily characterized as the word itself. The degenerate keeps insider facts from people around them. The idea behind it being that if no one ever thinks about their freak conduct there is nobody who can put negative authorizations upon the degenerate. Next, controlling the physical setting, the degenerate decides to stay away from negative authorizes by seeming, by all accounts, to be real in their explanations behind partaking in the demonstration or circumstance. For instance a whore may work under the pretense of being an escort or masseuse. Another method of overseeing abnormality is justifications. A case of a defense would be a shoplifter who legitimizes their activities by saying that the store has protection and can bear to endure the misfortune. A fourth strategy of overseeing aberrance is roll out an improvement to non-abnormality. For instance, hoodlums will allude to the method as â€Å"going straight.† The fifth and last strategy of overseeing aberrance is to join a degenerate subculture. Joining the subculture causes the degenerate to feel like they are less freak since they are encircled by their abnormality. Utilizing the case of a wedded man who cross-dresses at the bars after he gets off work, there are a few procedures that he may utilize to deal with his aberrance. One strategy that he may utilize would be mystery; he would endeavor to keep his â€Å"normal† life and his â€Å"cross-dressing† life isolated. His significant other may not think about his change inner self of sorts. Another procedure he may utilize would join a degenerate subculture. By acclimatizing with individual cross-dressers at a bar he may feel that the demonstration is less degenerate, or even â€Å"normal.† The third strategy I would envision the man would utilize would control the physical setting. By possibly cross-dressing when he is at the bar, away from his associates and family he helps in the mystery of his aberrance. He may state that the cross-dressing is only a contrivance or silly act and not confess to doing it for his pleasure.

A Case Summary Creating Shared Value in Economics Essay

A Case Summary Creating Shared Value in Economics Essay A Case Summary: Creating Shared Value in Economics â€" Essay Example > A Case Summary: Creating Shared Value in Economics According to Michael Porter and Mark Cramer, capitalism is under siege. The two, in their paper titled “Creating Shared Value, ” argue that there is a need to reinvent capitalism to fire up innovation and growth in the industries. Unlike in the past when industries and businesses were viewed as the ships of salvation of the multitudes, the two say that businesses are today viewed as being environmentally, socially and economically problematic. The prevalent notion is that businesses prosper at the expense of the general public. This, is said to be a main threat to the wheel of capitalism, invention and innovation and indeed it is. The two thus suggest that the solution to this problem lies in shared value which involves creating economic value both for companies and the society around them (Porter Kramer, 63). Unlike sustainability, social responsibility or philanthropy, shared value achieves economic success without requiring one party to sacrifice their gains be it in terms of profits or property and time. There is no economic trade-off that comes about when shared values are presented between business and the needs of society. What comes out of shared value is the benefit and progress that both parties shall accrue overtime. Economists have for long vouched for the idea that, to realize economic progress, businesses must trade-off gains in one way or the other. The authors’ purpose in relation to shared values is that they aim to ignite growth and progress by elimination of the trade-offs businesses have to make to progress (Porter Kramer, 70). Given that they have identified the reason behind the imminent failure of capitalism, the two authors go ahead giving reasons as to why capitalism plays a vital part in the lives of every individual in society. Another purpose the two auth ors aim to put forth is to end the stirring war between business and society. They are of the opinion that progress needs to occur without one party having to sacrifice their gains. In creating shared value in a firm like Google, there are several benefits that are realized. Google Scholar, which provides texts of academic literature online, greatly reduces the wastage of such resources as paper and plastics. Google Scholar is a very popular service and, by meeting the requirements of the society and not merely its conventional economic needs, has defined a market of its own and reduced on social harms that could increase Google’s operational costs. In this way, therefore, the aspect of shared values not only benefits both parties in terms of gains, it also reduces the impact of pollution resulting from some aspects such as the use of paper and plastics (Porter Kramer, 73). In conclusion, creating shared value (CSV) yields more than corporate social responsibility (CSR) over the long term. While the latter benefits society more than the companies that carry it out, the former have benefits for both parties. According to value addition as an economic theory, the addition of value to a given item has benefits on many fronts. Adding value to the business operations and sharing the values with society reduces on the interruptions on the speed of innovation. The implementation of the shared values model of operation comes about as the salvation to the continuous friction between business and society observed since the Industrial Revolution. In this sense, it is the solution to trade-offs companies had to bear. Work Cited Michael Porter and Mark Kramer. Creating Shared Value. Harvard Business Review. January 2011.

A Case Summary Creating Shared Value in Economics Essay

A Case Summary Creating Shared Value in Economics Essay A Case Summary: Creating Shared Value in Economics â€" Essay Example > A Case Summary: Creating Shared Value in Economics According to Michael Porter and Mark Cramer, capitalism is under siege. The two, in their paper titled “Creating Shared Value, ” argue that there is a need to reinvent capitalism to fire up innovation and growth in the industries. Unlike in the past when industries and businesses were viewed as the ships of salvation of the multitudes, the two say that businesses are today viewed as being environmentally, socially and economically problematic. The prevalent notion is that businesses prosper at the expense of the general public. This, is said to be a main threat to the wheel of capitalism, invention and innovation and indeed it is. The two thus suggest that the solution to this problem lies in shared value which involves creating economic value both for companies and the society around them (Porter Kramer, 63). Unlike sustainability, social responsibility or philanthropy, shared value achieves economic success without requiring one party to sacrifice their gains be it in terms of profits or property and time. There is no economic trade-off that comes about when shared values are presented between business and the needs of society. What comes out of shared value is the benefit and progress that both parties shall accrue overtime. Economists have for long vouched for the idea that, to realize economic progress, businesses must trade-off gains in one way or the other. The authors’ purpose in relation to shared values is that they aim to ignite growth and progress by elimination of the trade-offs businesses have to make to progress (Porter Kramer, 70). Given that they have identified the reason behind the imminent failure of capitalism, the two authors go ahead giving reasons as to why capitalism plays a vital part in the lives of every individual in society. Another purpose the two auth ors aim to put forth is to end the stirring war between business and society. They are of the opinion that progress needs to occur without one party having to sacrifice their gains. In creating shared value in a firm like Google, there are several benefits that are realized. Google Scholar, which provides texts of academic literature online, greatly reduces the wastage of such resources as paper and plastics. Google Scholar is a very popular service and, by meeting the requirements of the society and not merely its conventional economic needs, has defined a market of its own and reduced on social harms that could increase Google’s operational costs. In this way, therefore, the aspect of shared values not only benefits both parties in terms of gains, it also reduces the impact of pollution resulting from some aspects such as the use of paper and plastics (Porter Kramer, 73). In conclusion, creating shared value (CSV) yields more than corporate social responsibility (CSR) over the long term. While the latter benefits society more than the companies that carry it out, the former have benefits for both parties. According to value addition as an economic theory, the addition of value to a given item has benefits on many fronts. Adding value to the business operations and sharing the values with society reduces on the interruptions on the speed of innovation. The implementation of the shared values model of operation comes about as the salvation to the continuous friction between business and society observed since the Industrial Revolution. In this sense, it is the solution to trade-offs companies had to bear. Work Cited Michael Porter and Mark Kramer. Creating Shared Value. Harvard Business Review. January 2011.

The Legalization Of Gay Marriage - 1269 Words

It appears people are less frequently getting married to hide being gay than in the past. Now it has be-come more prominent socially. The legalization of gay marriage has led to more people feeling comfortable coming out. There are definitely still people that hide being gay due to family, friends, or religious lack of acceptance. This could af-fect treatment of patient if they do not fully tell the physician their full sexual history. In the video, one of the characters said, â€Å"everything in its own time†. A person should not be pressured to come out, he or she can take their time and come out when the time is right. If a younger person is not comfortable having this conversation or is afraid to come out then it is important for the†¦show more content†¦This tape is a little old so what Ellen was experiencing was less accepted during that time. Ellen was actually one of the first people to come out as a female celebrity. Now days the ideal of normality has expan ded. Back then people where more worries about losing their shows, sales, records etc. if they are out publically. Today some gay people may still feel a little less comfortable displaying their lives for everyone, such as family pictures placed out on desks. There might still be a bit of a double standard. Give your own comment on the group discussion: It was interesting to hear about Ellen’s history as an actress coming out from some of the older students in the room. Some of them could remember when she came out and how big of a deal it was to everyone. Now days, growing up haven known Ellen as a popular talk show host and actress it is hard to image the publics initial reaction. I think this is a good example of how times have changed a bit and the general public has become more accepting. Ellen’s experience also shed light onto different factors that might affect one’s decision to come out, such as its effect on one’s social life or career. How do you think this film clip will assist you in approaching and treating your patient in a holistic man-ner: The video showing Ellen’s character on TV struggling with coming out to her friends showed just how hard it can be for a patient. There is a lot of emotional stress involved with theShow MoreRelatedLegalization Gay Marriage1099 Words   |  5 PagesLegalization of Gay Marriage What is the definition of marriage? The dictionary states it as being the legal union between a man and a woman as husband and wife. However, times are changing as the gay life style becomes more accepted by society it is time to allow all couples regardless of sex to enjoy equal protections, rights and benefits under the law. Perhaps, it makes the most sense to consider arguments against same sex marriage to realize why it should be legalized; these arguments touchRead MoreThe Legalization Of Gay Marriage1527 Words   |  7 PagesAnna Aiello Professor Jessica Lugo College Writing 1 25 September 2015 The Legalization of Gay Marriage A New York Times article honors that on June 26th, the United States declared same-sex marriage a right nationwide. â€Å"Love wins,† chanted the crowd outside the Supreme Court (Liptak). The Supporters of same-sex marriage celebrated the new feeling they received of love equality. For many years, homosexuals companions have been deprived from their right to become legally united. ThisRead MoreThe Legalization Of Gay Marriage1749 Words   |  7 PagesThe Legalization of Gay Marriage: A Step to Equality Imagine a world where heterosexuals are the minority. Straight people would be the ones fighting for the same rights as homosexuals. 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If our government, as it claims, is secular in nature, then it would be wrong for it to base its treatment of individuals outside the boundaries of what is naturally understood as the right of every man, woman, and child, to pursue a lifestyle that is fulfilling. By the same token, white people, black peopleRead MoreAbortion, Gay Marriage, And The Legalization Of Marijuana2946 Words   |  12 Pagesgatherings, private debate, and especially political races. Whether you know it or not, if you assimilate into society in anyway, you probably have an opinion on some issues in today’s culture. Some major topics in today’s news are abortion, gay marriage, and t he legalization of marijuana. These issues have increasingly divided us as a society, and have also infiltrated into our political affiliation. The two major parties, Democrats and Republicans, have never been able to see eye to eye on theses issues

The Theories Of Leadership And Leadership Essay - 1804 Words

Leadership is an action of guiding a group of people or an organization towards achievement of a particular goal or objective Management is the function that coordinates the efforts of people to accomplish goals and objectives by using available resources efficiently and effectively which includes planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing and controlling an organization to accomplish the goal or target. Traditional theories of leadership are theoretical beliefs or customs handed down from generation to generation concerning leadership ability. Contemporary theories of leadership refer to theories that are on use for leadership in present times. Traditional theories of leadership 1. Great Man† Theories: Great Man theories assume that the capacity for leadership is inherent – that great leaders are born not made. These theories often portray great leaders as heroic, mythic, and destined to rise to leadership when needed. The term â€Å"Great Man† was used because, at the time, leadership was thought of primarily as a male quality, especially in terms of military leadership. Challenge: What about women who provide good leadership even better than men, although were not considered to be great men? Great man theories fail to provide the answer for that question 2. Trait Theories: Similar in some ways to â€Å"Great Man† theories, trait theory assumes that people (male and female) inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited toShow MoreRelatedLeadership And Leadership Theory Of Leadership1341 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Application Jesus Cabral Brandman University The author of this paper has been in various leadership positions for over 20 years. Some positions held by the author have been team leader, Operations Manager, General Manager, and Director of Operations. The author has lead teams with various degrees of education and from many cultures. 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Sex Trafficking Is Modern Day Slavery - 1175 Words

Sex trafficking is basically modern day slavery. It’s terrible, sex traffickers use violence, threats, and lies to compel and trick not only adults, but innocent children to get involved in commercial sex acts against their will. Not only that, but in different countries like Algeria and Cuba they are also dealing with sex trafficking but sometimes the children or adults are used and forced labor upon them. It’s sad and sickening. These sex traffickers take these people and children away from their lives, drug them up, and use them. It is inhumane and countries that have deal with this issue have families wondering where their children are at, who they are with, what they’re doing, if they’re still even alive. According to the U.S†¦show more content†¦In Algeria, people would try to enter the country voluntarily but illegally. Usually the people entering Algeria illegally are Sub-Saharan african woman or men attempting to travel to Europe. They think they’re getting assistance in illegally entering Algeria, but to the traveler’s misfortune, the sex traffickers end up deceiving them and end up taking the children or adults between the ages of about thirteen or twenty. The crazy thing is, according to U.S State Department(2012), The â€Å"chairmen,† or leaders, of the â€Å"African villages†Ã¢â‚¬â€small non-Algerian ethnic enclaves located in and around the southern city of Tamanrasset—may be among those responsible for forcing some women into prostitution. Also, Some sub-Saharan men, mainly from Mali, are forced into labor. The government of Algeria seems to not be making any significant efforts in trying to stop sex traffickers. Even after about a year, the Algerian government still did not hold any perpetrators of sex trafficking accountable for their stupid actions. Their government lacks adequate in measures to protect sex and human trafficking victims. They conflated both human traf ficking and smuggling, so sex and human trafficking victims were just seen as illegal immigrants trying to illegally enter Algeria. They were bound to be arrested and deported. Innocent Algerian woman are raped, forced into

Johann Sebastian Bach Biography Essay Example For Students

Johann Sebastian Bach Biography Essay Throughout the history of music, many great composers, theorists, and instrumentalists have left indelible marks and influences that people today look back on to admire and aspire to. No exception to this idiom is Johann Sebastian Bach, whose impact on music was unforgettable to say the least. People today look back to his writings and works to both learn and admire. He truly can be considered a music history great. Bach, who came from a family of over 53 musicians, was nothing short of a virtuosic instrumentalist as well as a masterful composer. Born in Eisenach, Germany, on March 21, 1685, he was the son of a masterful violinist, Johann Ambrosius Bach, who taught his son the basic skills for string playing. Along with this string playing, Bach began to play the organ which is the instrument he would later on be noted for in history. His instruction on the organ came from the player at Eisenachs most important church. He instructed the young boy rather rigorously until his skills surpassed anyones expectations for someone of such a young age. Bach suffered early trauma when his parents died in 1695. He went to go live with his older brother, Johann Christoph, who also was a professional organist at Ohrdruf. He continued his younger brothers education on that instrument, as well as introducing him to the harpsichord. The rigorous training on these instruments combined with Bachs masterful skill paid off for him at an early age. After several years of studying with his older brother, he received a scholarship to study in Luneberg, Germany, which is located on the northern tip of the country. As a result, he left his brothers tutelage and went to go and study there. The teenage years brought Bach to several parts of Germany where he mainly worked as an organist in churches, since that was the skill he had perfected the best from his young training. However, a master of several instruments while still in his teens, Johann Sebastian first found employment at the age of 18 as a violinist in a court orchestra in Weimar. Although he did not remain there terribly long, he was able to make good money playing for the king. He soon after accepted a position as a church organist in Arnstadt. It was here that Bach would soon realize his high standards and regards that he had for music. In Arnstadt as well as in many other places that Bach worked he was notorious for getting into fights over the quality of music that was being produced. A perfect example of this can be seen in Arnstadt. Previous accounts of history claim that Bach was upset with the performance of the church choir for which he played for. He claimed that the voices could never make the music soar to the sky as it should loosely translated. Here Bach realized the high level of music and perfectionism that he wanted. In 1707, at the age of 22, Bach moved on from Arnstadt to another organist job, this time at the St. Blasius Church in Muhlhausen. Once again he did not remain there too long, only a little over a year, when he moved again to Weimar where he accepted the position of head concertmaster and organist in the Ducal Chapel. It was here that Bach settled himself and began to compose the first collection of his finest early works which, included organ pieces and cantatas. By this time Bach had been married for several years. He actually became married to his cousin Maria Barbara. They, for the most part, had a happy marriage. He was happy. By this stage of his life he had composed for himself a wonderful reputation of being a brilliant musical talent. .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7 , .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7 .postImageUrl , .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7 , .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7:hover , .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7:visited , .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7:active { border:0!important; } .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7:active , .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7 .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u212365f544b383c76e3d7e7000d3f0f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music, and how it has effected my life. EssayAlong with that his proficiency on the organ was unequaled in Europe by this time. In fact, he toured regularly as a solo virtuoso, and his growing mastery of compositional forms, like the fugue and the canon, were already attracting interest from the musical establishment, which, in his day, was the Lutheran church. The church began to look at Bachs writings and saw the opportunity to possibly use his music in their masses. Thus was the slow birth of the German chorale, which Bach later became renowned for. Bachs virtuosic career did suffer minor setbacks along the way. He occasionally would be passed over for deserved positions within the court that he worked. However, in 1715 when he did not receive a truly desired position of Kapellmeister choral master of Weimer, he was insulted and left the city. He accepted a position as a court conductor in Cothen, where he began to work on another part of his musical genre, that of instrumental music. Up until this point, Bach was mainly writing organ pieces and church cantatas. One of his most famous, Wachet auf ruft uns die Stimme, became well known around the world and is still looked upon as a classic today. However, when he arrived in Cothen he began to focus on all other instruments and used his talents as a string player and knowledge of wind brass instruments to begin composing instrumental pieces. It was during his stay here in Cothen that the orchestral masterpiece known as the Brandenburg Concerto was born. Bachs tenure in Cothen lasted approximately seven years. In that time his wife Mara became ill and died. Although distraught, he soon remarried to Anna Magdalena. It was during this time that Bach had several children, three in particular would grow to become talented musicians like their father. Wilhelm Friedmann, C. P. E. Bach, and J. C. Bach. They to became virtosos of the organ and later the harpsichord, much like their father was. After Bach left Cothen, he received a prestigious position as music director at the St. Thomas Church in Leipzig, Germany. Here Bach accepted his most demanding position of all. He had the responsibility of composing cantatas for the St. Thomas and St. Nicholas churches, conducing the choirs, overseeing the musical activities of numerous municipal churches, and teaching Latin in the St. Thomas choir school. Although demanding, Bach persisted and succeeded in Leipzig and continued to write music of various kinds with a level of craft and emotional profundity that was his alone. Bach remained at his post in Leipzig until his death in 1750. Although he was blinded by cataract problems in the early 1740s, he still managed to compose masterful pieces up until days before his death. His last musical composition that he crafted happened to be a choral prelude, which was dedicated to his son-in law. To this day more than 1,000 of Bachs accomplished compositions survive. Some of his most famous works include the Brandenburg Concerto, The Mass In B Minor, The Goldberg Variations for Harpsichord, his vast amount of toccatas, especially his Toccata In F Major, his collection of variations on organ preludes captured in the Well Tempered Clavier, his immense amount of fugues and chorales including his Fugue in G minor, major as well as his tremendous amount of chorales, and his Christmas and Easter oratorios, which was another schism in his music genre. Quite frankly, the list goes on and on and on. Surely, Johann Sebastian Bach never believed that his success would become so heroic and monumental. However, we today perceive him to be one of the key individuals to shape the music we listen to. It is no secret that his writings, especially chorale writings, are used to illustrate the principles of our functional system of harmony. .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf , .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf .postImageUrl , .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf , .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf:hover , .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf:visited , .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf:active { border:0!important; } .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf:active , .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u01a6a1442751b81f7058768dd3608faf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Performance EssayIt is in this example alone that it can be seen that Bachs works have not only survived to the point where they are still heard and listened to, but they also still provide us with knowledge and understanding from which we can learn and discover music. It is for these reasons that the life of Johann Sebastian Bach was truly a great one and it is without any apprehension that he can be considered a musical great.

U.S. Social Welfare Program

Information Warfare - War is not over yet! essays

Information Warfare - War is not over yet! essays In the past few decades, people all over the world have been all too eager to embrace the technological revolution. One in every 4 Australian homes now owns a least one computer. But few people have stopped to realize that in accepting these changes so readily, we have opened a virtual Pandora's box. Our homes are an open book to hackers, our credit card numbers available to cyber-thieves and the stock market is a virtual playground for hacktivists on the World Wide Web. The human race has fought its fair share of wars over the years, but now, as we venture into the new millennium, we are faced with a whole new battle  ¡V a battle in which biological warfare has been replaced with computer viruses, spies with Trojan programs that allow the user to see into his "enemy's" base and nuclear weapons with email-bombs. But our enemies belong to no particular country or religious group. Rather, they are faceless and nameless. They are the hackers, the hacktivists and the cyber-thieves and they fight not for land, resources or freedom, but rather for information. Information warfare (IW) refers to both the offensive and defensive use of information and computers in an effort to observe, alter or destroy the information of another, while protecting one ¡s own. The recent explosion in the use of information systems, both in the public and business sectors, is paralleled by a sudden increase in hostile technological activity. Consequently, the development of defensive systems has also risen in an effort to protect information. Few people, however, have even the slightest idea that this war is being waged - yet it affects every single one of us. Some may wonder what interest hackers may have in their personal computer. The answer to this question is not simple. The majority of Internet hackers are simply driven by fun  ¡V a certain amount of voyeurism exists in gaining a window into another person ¡s life, and this can be very attractive to th...

Performance Standards and Appraisals Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Iran's Foreign Policy Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Heritage Tourism On Archaeological Sites In Egypt Tourism Essay

Heritage Tourism On Archaeological Sites In Egypt Tourism Essay Egypt is located in the North- Eastern corner of Africa and South-Western Asia and is commonly known as The Motherland of the World Land of Civilizations and The Greatest Power in Human History being reputable for its 7,000-year-old record of civilization and immense wealth of knowledge (SIS, 2011). Amongst all civilizations and nations, Egypt is known to be one of the worlds oldest tourist destinations, possessing one third of the worlds ancient monuments within its country. Besides its other archaeological and cultural monuments, the discovery of the Pharaonic antiquities long time ago has added a special appeal to Egypt, therefore boosting Egypts tourism industry. However, with the booming increase in Egypts tourism, conflicts and issues starts to surface concerning the management and conservation of the ancient Egyptian archaeological sites and treasures. What defines Egypt is its massive number of archaeological sites that can be found all over the country and of course, its extraordinary architectural and heritage attractions such as the legendary Pyramids of Giza, the world-famous Valley of the Kings and the temple at Abu Simbel. These well-known and remarkable sites are the lifeblood of the countrys tourism industry where it attracts over 2 million visitors annually to Egypt (Boniface and Cooper, 2001). Despite being one of the most highly industrialized country in the Arab region, Egypts petroleum and economy is not sufficient to provide adequate amount of jobs to its population of 73 million (e.g.: Boniface and Cooper, 2001; MINTEL, 2004). It is also mentioned by Weeks and Hetherington (2006) that tourism has been a key factor in Egypts economy for about the last two centuries and over the last generation. It has become a crucial component of the economy and is now the source of 45 percent of the countrys annual foreign currency earnings. Therefore tourism in Egypt plays a critical role of support for its economy where it benefits both the government and to all levels of the society. One of the main components of the tourism industry in Egypt is heritage tourism. Heritage itself as a concept has entered on to a global stage and penetrated into the local, regional and national arena (Burnett, 2001). The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) states that heritage and culture have become an important element in almost 40 per cent of all international trips taken (Timothy and Boyd, 2003) and despite of recession, heritage tourism still continued to grow (Hanna, 1993, cited in Timothy and Boyd, 2003). Throughout the world, ancient venues and archaeological monuments have become major tourism attractions (Laws, 2011) and one such destination is Egypt where the impacts of flourishing heritage tourism on ancient archaeological sites are apparent through out the country. However, in spite of the thriving tourism industry in Egypt, conflicts and issues starts to arise that contradicts Egypts own tourism interest. In order to maximize revenue from the tourism industry, Egypt implemented the approach of opening more sites to visitors and promoting visits through advertising and high profile overseas tours of antiquities (Weeks and Hetherington, 2006). Ironically, the benefits of expanding Egypts tourism are being out weigh by the negative aspects. Lambert (2011) states that a bustling tourist industry is sadly known to be a double-edged sword. She added that, as most archaeological sites are very fragile and ancient, they were not meant to accommodate thousands of visitors on a daily basis. The overcrowding of tourists visiting, touching and stepping onto these sites, are destroying many archaeological attractions. One such incident happened in February of 1988. A chunk of limestone fell from the Egyptian Sphinx, the half lion, half man relic built by the ancient Egyptians over 4,000 years ago. Recently on January 2011, Egypts Supreme Council of Antiquities had announced plans to close the tomb of Tutankhamen to tourists by the end of the year. The tomb, which was discovered some 89 years ago, was damaged as a result of the overwhelming visits of tourist, particularly over the past three decades (http://www.redorbit.com). The mass tourism in Egypt has also impacted the Valley of the Kings, altering the physical and natural aspects of the environment. According to Gaetano Palumbo, the program director for North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia for the World Monuments Fund, a New York-based nonprofit dedicated to preserving and protecting endangered historical sites around the world: One could say that, the heritage sites in Egypt are victims of their own success. In the Valley of the Kings, Luxor, visitor numbers have almost doubled in the past 10 years, from 1.5 million to close to 3 million, with peaks of 10,000 visitors a day. This creates massive problems in visitor management. Drastic decisions may have to be taken in order to regulate visitor numbers, including temporary or permanent closures of ancient sites.   Due to poor tourism and cultural heritage management, Bindlegas (1997) states that the decay of some of the worlds most fabulous ancient relics has been happening at a shocking rate. These major archaeological and cultural heritage sites represent the origins of human civilization and provide the best evidences of the historical and cultural development of humanity (Global Heritage Fund, 2010). If measures are not taken to start preserving and conserving the ancient monuments, it will be completely destroyed within centuries. However, increasing the tourism receipts into Egypt and on the other hand, conserving these heritage sites is not as simple as it seems. Leask (2006) described that balancing the development of tourism opportunities and heritage conservation activities has been a continuous struggle for countries with tourism and cultural heritage management. The different parties involved are unable to decide on the same agreement, resulting in the lack of proper management that can benefit both the tourism and conservation of the ancient Egyptian archaeological sites and treasures. Therefore this paper aims to identify the variables that constitute and associate to the impacts of heritage tourism on archaeological sites in Egypt. AIM To assess the impacts of heritage tourism on archaeological sites in Egypt OBJECTIVES To review secondary literature about the environmental impacts of heritage tourism on archaeological sites in Egypt. To study the conflict between heritage and tourism in Egypt. To assess the management and conservation of archaeological sites in Egypt. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW DEFINING TOURISM According to the Advance Release of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) World Tourism Barometer, international tourism showed a strong recovery of almost 7% to 935 million in 2010, from the 4% decline during the global economic crisis in 2009. Through the decades, tourism is now known as one of the largest industry in the world, experiencing dynamic improvements and intense diversification, leading it to become one of the worlds fastest growing economic sector (e.g.: Youell, 1998; World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, 2011)). Therefore, prior to assessing the impacts of heritage tourism on archaeological sites in Egypt, it is first essential to define and understand the term tourism. Even in early researches, the term tourism had yielded, as many definitions as there were many studies of phenomenon (Cohen, 1974, cited in Wall and Mathieson, 2006). Guyer-Feuler who concentrated on the economical and statistical aspects of tourism, conceived the first definition of tourism in 1905, where it defined tourism as: A phenomenon unique to modern time which is dependent on the peoples increasing need for a change and relaxing, the wish of recognizing the beauties of nature and art and the belief that nature gives happiness to human beings and which helps nations and communities approaching to each other thanks to the developments in commerce and industry and the communication and transportation tools becoming excellent. (Bahar, 2005: 2, as cited in Esen and Uyar, 2010) The origin of the term tourism goes back to the 17th century where the root word tour is derived from the Hebrew word torah which means learning and examining. People who were sent on a voyage to explore distant areas to learn the social activities of the population living in those places are known by the Hebrews as tourist and the behaviour as touring. (Bahar, 2005) Some other few pioneers who attempted to define tourism were Professor Hunzikar and Krapf (1941, cited in Holloway, 1994:1) of Berne University who states that it is: The sum of phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-resident, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected to any earning activity. Holloway (1994) then continues that tourism, besides being associated as a form of recreation or leisure; it might be where individuals or a group of individuals travel away from home. However, Holloway (1994) also questioned the specificity of the statement on whether tourism is defined by its purpose or the distance travelled. Indeed, it is a common perception and a popular understanding amongst people that the central aspects of tourism evolves around holidays, leisure and tours, engaging in different kinds of activities to have a good time and as long as being in a foreign land, it is considered to be tourism regardless of the distance travelled. However, tourism is more than just a cursory explanation of leisure, recreation and being in a foreign land. In 1993, after much reviews, researches and further analysis on existing works of tourism definitions, the UNWTO (1993, cited in Youell, 1998:9), with co-operations from many international organizations, finally announced the officially accepted definition as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. Therefore with the multitude of tourism definitions given by researchers and studies, which of these, can academics, organizations and professionals use as an accurate guideline in the tourism industry? In spite of the existence of many variations of tourism definitions and the popularity of tourism studies in recent decades, it has been discussed and acknowledged by academic researchers, organizations and industry professionals that there has been no specific means in defining the principal concept of the term tourism due to its large complex nature of subject, involving diverse combinations of disciplines and industry sectors (e.g.: Morley, 1990; Youell, 1998; Goeldner, Ritchie and McIntosh, 2000; Dredge and Jenkins, 2007). Moreover, regardless of the complications of specifying definitions for tourism, tourism is nothing without the tourists. The main factor that drives tourism is the tourists who are travelling and therefore any effort to understand tourism as a concept has to first understand the motivations behind the tourists decision to travel. Also, the definition of tourism is dependent on an individuals perspectives and perception of tourism and also how it will fit into a particular purpose or situation (Dredge and Jenkins, 2007). In addition, the changes of the different definitions since the early 1900s till the present day demonstrates that tourism can no longer be associated to merely economics and geography (Arlt, 2010). As time passes with the continuous growth of the industry, researches into the concepts of tourism will persist to expand, eventually resulting in the creation of more definitions of tourism. IMPACTS OF TOURISM Tourism is an integration of close interactions involving the dynamic relationships of different variables or elements in the tourism travel process and thus, it can never be a standalone unit. Hence, any changes or effects to a variable will create a ripple effect within the whole tourism structure. With this, contributions made by the growth of the tourism industry will therefore lead to an increased economic activity within the country. Countries are increasingly becoming dependent on tourism, as it is one of the most rational and sustainable development choices that have the capability of creating employment to the communities and also acting as a main provision of foreign earnings to the economy. (UNWTO, 2010 Tourism and the Millennium Development Goals) While it is often the economic impacts of tourism that businesses and public organizations that are usually interested in (Stynes, 1999), the late twentieth century saw the emergence of environmental and socio-cultural impacts of tourism being controversial and critical issues discussed in tourism study (Youell, 1998). As the main objective of this paper aims to concentrate on the impacts of heritage tourism on the archaeological sites in Egypt, this section will therefore provide an overview of the positive and negative influences that tourism, in general, have on the economic, environment and socio-culture around the world. Economic Impacts It is predicted that by 2020, revenues earned from the tourism industry will be $1.5 trillion (Kumar and Prasad, n.d). Tourism being declared as one of the worlds largest industry is similar to any other businesses and industries; affecting the economy by generating income for the countrys economy, stimulating job opportunities for the people from the international level down to the local levels. Increasing competiveness amongst countries has also pushed the business capacity of the tourism industry to the level of, or, sometimes even exceeding trade commodities such as oil and food exports (UNWTO, 2011). Tourism being a major player in the service sector is naturally dependent on labor therefore stimulating a great deal of employment opportunities both in developed and developing countries. The fact that tourism is an intergration of many various individual elements in a tourism travel process, the economic impacts from tourism will therefore affect industries in the construction sector, agriculture sector, commercial services sector such as retail and customer services and also the health and finance sector (e.g.: Wall and Mathieson, 2006; ÃÆ'-nder and Durgu, 2007). Tourist expenditures contributing to the balance of payments through foreign exchange earnings, and revenue generated from tourism developments can represent a crucial source of income for a nations economy (Balaguer Cantavella-Jorda, 2002, cited in Seetanah, 2010). However on a negative note, seasonal tourism also known as induced employment, being influenced by the increase in the demand and supply of tourism causes the increase of low-paying jobs and often creating unemployment during off-peak seasons (Kreag, 2001). Peak periods of tourism can benefit the economy of a country, however on the expense of the locals, who might have to pay for the higher prices of goods and services in the community, thus increasing their cost of living. However, contributions of tourism to a countrys economic benefits is relative to factors such as the availability of facilities and resources, the countrys social and political stability, the host communities behavior towards tourist and the amount of investment injected by the government into tourism projects and development (Youell, 1998). Environmental Impacts The relationship between tourism and the physical environment, natural or man-made, is firmly interlinked and complicated. Controversial debates of tourism and the environment have been going on in determining whether they are friends or foes. The physical environment is an important aspect of tourism; it ensures the sustainability of attracting tourism in the long run. In fact, it is impossible to define the different types of tourism without the inclusion of the environment (Safakli, n.d). A tourists decision to travel and the duration of stay depends on the physical environment of the destination. According to Olali (2000), the estimation given by academics states that in the next 100 years, the environment will be the only option that will determine the demand of tourism. The environmental impacts of tourism can be categorised into two categories which are postive and negative impacts, and finding a balanced relationship with the environment is uncommon, if not, there is hardly a balanced relationship (Holden, 2000). The negative impacts of tourism on the environment caused by the increased in tourist visitations are visible through the changes, damages and depletion of natural resources, causing the destruction of wildlife habitat, improper waste disposal, air and water pollutions, and also erosion of the natural landscape such as the mountains and historical sites (e.g.: Youell, 1998; Holden, 2000; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2001; Wall and Mathieson, 2006). The lack of facilities and space to accommodate the increase in tourist visitations results in the overcrowding and the over usage of an environment, therefore also increasing improper waste disposal, loss of significant attractions and unethical behaviors due to the lack of supervision over the large number of visitors. The detrimental state of the environment will then lose its beauty and attractiveness to these tourists therefore causing a decline in tourist visitations. Despite of the attention on the negative impacts of tourism on the environment, there are still positive impacts of tourism that benefits the environment. Contradictory to the cause of degradation of these natural resources, the motivating factor behind a tourists decision to travel to these places are based on the sentimental attachment they have with the environments (Kreag, 2001). And because these environments are what attracted tourists visits in the first place, preservation efforts are heighened to keep them well managed, and protected from further deterioration. The positive environmental impacts of tourism are sometimes associated to the economic value of tourism earned revenue (Holden, 2000). The increase of tourism travel to a destination also increases the tourism funds flowing into the countrys economy. This additional funds allows governments to use the added revenue from its tourist industry to implement measures into proper management and invest in the restoration of the environment such as construction of new roads to accommodate overcrowding of vehicles, building and upgrading facilities to attract or accommodate the influx of visitors and installing modern technologies into the conservation and preservation of sensitive areas (e.g.: UNEP, 2001; Kreag, 2001). And as tourism travel increases, the impacts on the environment are also increasing. Therefore, it is of utmost importance for government agencies and tourism organizations to focus on the preservation and conservation of the environment. When the environment is restored to its original state or even better, the flow of visitors into the destination will resume once again. However if there is a lack of proper management or close facilitation of the situation, the environment will eventually return back to its damaged state. The attempt to balance the positive and negative aspects of the impacts of tourism on the environment tends go round a vicious cycle. This is where the importance of strategic planning intervenes and it is a crucial part of sustainable tourism of a destination. Socio-cultural Impacts The inclusion of social impact studies is an essential criterion for any tourism industry and tourism government agencies planning for a sustainable tourism industry as it provides an insight of the support for tourism development within host communities (e.g.: Nyaupane and Thapa, 2006; Zhang et al., 2006; Tovar and Lockwood, 2008; Deery, Jago and Fredline, 2011). Social cultural impacts on a destinations society such as traditions, identity, lifestyle, values and customs, are the results of the direct and indirect interactions between the host communities, the tourists and the tourism industry. These impacts of tourism development on the local society are identified through the evaluation of residents perceptions and behaviors towards tourism (Tovar and Lockwood, 2008). Regardless of the magnitude of the fluctuations of tourism demand, the impact on the host community will not only be dependent on the number of tourist arrivals but the type of tourist (Holloway, 2002). Of which, the se impacts can either have a positive or negative influence on the society. Firstly, improvements of infrastructures resulted from tourism development such as clean water and stable telecommunications, improved transportation and banking services, and new business investments are positive impacts that contributes in enriching the local communities way of life (http://www.gawler.sa.gov.au). Tourism also helps in boosting the quality of life in the society and provides opportunities for locals to experience cultural exchange and interactions with the rest of the world. The accumulative experience gained from engaging in the cultural exchange with visitors enhances the host communities ability to interact comfortably and confidently with future potential visitors in the long run. Having an influx of tourist arrivals to a destination can also encourage the preservation and conservation of cultural values and traditional customs which are in danger of losing its identity. The increased interest of tourists into the culture and traditions of the local society also helps to push the demand for historical and cultural education and local tourism agencies will be pressured to step up on preservation and conservation of possible endangered ancient sites, monuments or artifacts (Kreag, 2001). Despite of the positive and inspiring socio-cultural impacts of tourism on a host environment, the negative impacts of tourism, on the other hand, can equally cause a prominent damage on a culture. Ironically, instead of riviving a lost culture, the continuous development of tourism driven by the influx of tourist demand can very well cause the same cultural identity and value of the host communities to change and this issue has raised concerns amongst tourism organizations. This normally happens when local communites conformed to the needs, wants and desires of tourists expectations in the bid to respond to their growing demands. As such, this conformity leads to the commercialization of local culture into a commodity and the modification of traditional art and craft forms, resulting it to become reconstructed ethnicity which might end up causing the eradication of cultural goods (www.coastlearn.org). One of the negative aspect on the social status of a culture is the social differences between the host and the tourists. According to Mathieson and Wall (2006), more often than not, social tensions between host communities and tourists happens in developing countries whereby the tourist market are from a country with higher foreign currency rate than the host communities and thus unintentionally highlighting the disparity of wealth. They also mentioned that since the nature of tourism involves the movement of people around geographical locations, social conflicts occur as a result of differences in cultures, values, lifestyles and languages. TOURISM AND HERITAGE Defining Heritage in Tourism With the growth of the tourism sector, the types of tourist are also diversified and the collection of individual experiences of these tourists influence the different types of tourism offered today, thus the formation of the different types of tourism (Timothy and Boyd, 2003). Heritage tourism has been one of the oldest forms of tourism offered since the early ages, however in recent years, it has grown to popularity in the industry. It is the inheritance of the unrepeatable products of life from the past that is worth preserving for the benefits admiration and education of the current and future generations (e.g.: Nurick, 2000; Timothy and Boyd, 2003; Sethi, 2005; National Trust, 2011). Heritage could be anything that is tangible or intangible left behind by the past such as archaeological or historical sites that have been preserved, natural landscapes which are of a destinations significance, artifacts and documents, culture, values and sometimes even the people of the past such as the indigenous people. However over the years, heritage has been modified and commercialized to suit tourists demand and expectations, allowing it to be more accessible, attractive, educational and entertaining (Fyall and Rakic, 2006). Heritage itself as a concept has entered on to a global stage and penetrated into the local, regional and national arena (Burnett, 2001). The World Tourism Organization (WTO) states that heritage and culture have become an important element in almost 40 per cent of all international trips taken and despite of recession, heritage tourism still continued to grow (Hanna, 1993, cited in Timothy and Boyd, 2003). The different types of heritage attractions offered now are varse and wide, examples includes natural history attractions, religious attractions, sociocultural attractions, art galaries, ancestral dwellings, and genocide monuments. Fyall and Rakic (2006) adds that the demand for heritage based tourism has been on the rise because Lowenthal (1979) states that peoples sentimental reminensce of the past is deeply affected by the parallel ongoing eradication of historical antiquities while on the other hand, Hannabuss (1999) also claims that heritage enthusiasts are immersing themsevles in heritage for the purpose of finding a rational explanation for their post-modern lives. With the controversial issues happening in everyday life, it is no wonder that heritage behaves as a touchstone in reminding people the primary essence of life. Hence, an attempt to understand the demand of heritage tourism could best be determined by initiating a study on visitor psychographic characteristics as these visitors are the primary factors pushing the demand for heritage tourism. Determining the visitor demographics can also aid in better planning and management of visitor capacity control in relation to preservation and conservati on of the heritage sites which will be discussed further in the next section. According to Hall and McArthur (1993a, as cited in Timothy and Boyd, 2003), the significance of heritage can be categorised into four different areas in relation to its economic, social, political and scientific significance. The economic significance of heritage refers to the value of the heritage to visitors, in terms of the amount of revenue earned from visitations to the sites. The social significance refers to the personal identification that individuals have to associate themselves with their heritage. In terms of its political significance, the representations of heritage can behave as an aid in managing political issues due to its political nature behind its existance. Finally, heritage educates visitors on its history, culture and the population of a destination. It also acts as a benchmark for ecological studies on the environments and ecosystems, therefore presenting itself as a scientific significance to the people (ibid.). Impacts of Tourism on Heritage Through the globalization and increasing competiveness of the tourism industry, governments, tourism organizations and agencies are continuously pushed into the whirlpool of sustainable tourism development. Bramwell and Lane (1993) states that sustainable tourism development can be implemented if the balance of the economic, environmental and social aspects of the development is realised. It is certain that every country in the world will definitely have a heritage background attached to them, however, what makes heritage tourism in a country unique is the exclusiveness of the actual heritage product itself. The characteristics and uniqueness of that particular heritage product dictates the different types of visitors and the demand of heritage tourism in the destination. With tourism, comes impacts. As mentioned in earlier sections, tourism impacts the economy, environment and the socialcultural aspects of a destination. Likewise, heritage tourism being categorised into the four different aspects of significance, will therefore impact the economy, evironment and socialcultural aspects of a destination. An influx of tourist visitations can positively or negatively affect the destination in many aspects. Prosperity of the economy, job creations, improved quality of life are some of the positive impacts whilst seasonal unemployment, social tensions, pollution of the environment are some of the negative impacts. However when it comes to heritage, tourism is known to be impacting the environmental and sociocultural aspect of the destination more often than the economical aspect, unless otherwise, the countrys tourism economy is highly dependent on heritage tourism. Tourism is known to have an intitmate relationship with the matters of heritage conservatio n and preservation; a significant element in deciding the survival of a countrys heritage Hence, the impacts caused by tourism on heritage sites are in ways similar to that of a natural environment (pollution, lost of habitat, lost of attractiveness), however, the results and repercussions are amplified due to the uniqueness of the heritage enviroment that can never have an exact replica elsewhere in the world. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Heritage Sites in Egypt Demand of Tourism in Egypt IMPACTS OF TOURISM ON HERITAGE IN EGYPT Politcal Issues in Egypt CHAPTER THREE: ANALYSIS GROWTH OF TOURISM IN EGYPT Tourism and Heritage in Egypt The term history can be best epitomized by the ancient Egyptian civilization than to any other ancient culture (Grimal, 1994). Egypt is probably the worlds oldest civilization from the  Nile Valley  since the 3,100 BC and is reputable for its extensive collection of historical record on civilization and the immense wealth of knowledge (SIS, 2011). Five thousand years ago, a glimpse start of Egyptss tourism began with the start of cruising (Goeldner, Ritchie and McIntosh, 2000). Queen Hatshepsuts first cruise journey is recorded on the walls of the Temple of Deit El Bahari in Luxor, where it states that the purpose of cruising at that era was for peace and tourism (ibid.). However the genesis of heritage tourism in Egypt could mainly be attributed by the smart and innovative grandeur infrastructure of the Pharaonic burial tombs such as the Sphinx and the other ancient Egyptian pyramids, which saw the first early arrivals of tourists. The start of tourism playing as a core role in the economy of Egypt came with the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 and after being announced by Khedive (Viceroy) Ismail that Egypt was to be part of Europe (www.thelonelyplanet.com). The Nile, Luxor, the ancient Pyramids of Giza and temples are what defines Egypt as a heritage destination. Egypts ancient civilization is an evidence of the evolution of mankind from the prehistoric days till the present. The rich history of Egypt acts as a connection to the distant past of humanity, which reveals mankinds greatest glories and achievements. Current Status of Egypts Tourism Industry Tourism in Egypt is a huge lucrative business that has flourish and become a major component in the economic development. Millions of tourists are travelling to Egypt each year, for the purpose of appreciating the abundance of the natural and historical phenomenon within the country (www.greenstarhotel.net). In 1995, international vis

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