Why We Are Not Using Hydroelectric Power - 998 Words

Why We Are Not Using Hydroelectric Power Austin Bradshaw Lindsey Wilson College Abstract In this paper I will be discussing the renewable technology Hydropower and the pros and cons of it. I will be using three separate articles from GREENR focusing on hydropower as a whole and some of the possible downsides of this technology in addition to the very noticeable positive effects from hydropower. The three articles mentioned are Building BRIC: Carrieann Stocks takes a look at recent developments in hydropower across Brazil, Russia, India and China. (International Water Power Dam Construction) (Jan. 2015), Electricity Production from Hydroelectric Sources, Top Ten Countries, 2003/4. (Global Reference on the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Online Collection), and Green streak. (Earth Island Journal) (Jun. 22, 2015). I will be discussing the possible reasoning behind some people not wanting to focus on this possibly very beneficial alternative and try to explain why â€Å"If Hydropower is available why don’t we use it?† Keywords: dams, turbine, hydro electric, renewable resource, nonrenewable resource With the rise of nonrenewable fuels prices and the estimated decline of availability in the not so distant future it is very clear that the only answer to this problem is to implement the use of renewable resources. Renewable resources are very versatile and can reduce pollution of the environment and can in the longShow MoreRelatedAlternative Energy Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesefficiency, inability to respond to sudden changes in power demand, and susceptibility to environmental events. In 2010 the leading renewable energy sources were hydro-electric, wind, bioenergy, geothermal, and solar Photo Voltaic (PV)[1]. Of these, hydroelectric made up 82% of the renewable resource energy generation, while the other means all contributed about equally. These relationships can be seen clearly in the table below. Although hydroelectric makes up a large portion of the electricity producedRead MoreHydro Electric Power1518 Words   |  7 PagesHydroelectric power: The Worlds Established Rene wable Energy Resource For over a century, hydroelectric power has been used to generate electricity from falling water. The capacity to produce this energy is dependent on both the available flow and the height from which it falls. Hydroelectric dams create height for the water to fall and provide storage. In general, the higher the dam, the more potential energy is available. Building up behind a high dam, water accumulates potential energy. TheRead MoreSolar Power : Advantages And Challenges Of Solar Energy1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe most common medium for using solar power is the use of solar panels. Through the use of solar panels people can use that harnessed electricity to power their houses, household appliances, their cars, even their towns and cities. Before the use of solar power people were using other sources of energy such as wind, and hydroelectric energy. The use of wind is a nice concept, except the fact that it had more disadvantages then advantages. One disadvantage of using wind would be that if thereRead MoreThe World Is A Single Gigantic Sphere Of Energy899 Words   |  4 PagesUtilizing What We Have The world is a single gigantic sphere of energy. The Earth contains other branches of different types of energy such as: Kinetic, potential, mechanical, heats, chemical, light, and atomic energy, solar, hydroelectric is different types of energy sources. When using kinetic energy, you use force which is scientifically defined as a push or pull on an object. When work is being done it is considered kinetic energy. For example: When you do a kip on bars, during the glide youRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Renewable Energy Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pagesthat are used to fuel our automobiles, trains, and airplanes. Also, resources such as oil, coal, and natural gas are used by power plants for fuel. If the supply of these fossil fuels ever become depleted, the country would completely collapse and we would have no source of energy. People rely on these fossil fuels for energy and once they become a limited supply or depleted, we have no source of energy. The only way energy could be generated is if people switch over to renewable resources. These renewableRead MoreThe Power Generation Of Yesterday1410 Words   |  6 Pagesproducts is not just an idea anymore. It’s Reality! The company I work for Duke Energy is a key player in helping change the power generation industry and doing this will help me make a difference in the world while working for Duke Energy. Power generation of yesterday was a process of making power and not worrying about the environment, but today its more about making power while doing good for the environment. Looking at the history of Duke Energy I found that the company has come a long ways fromRead MoreAlternative Energy Sources For Renewable Energy1710 Words   |  7 PagesEnergy). All alternative energy sources have lower carbon emissions when being compared to conventional energy sources. These sources include Biomass Energy, Wind, Solar, Geothermal, and Hydroelectric Energy (Alternative Energy). With the use of recycling, the clean alternative energies such as the use of solar power systems will benefit in the survival of these energy resources beyond the 21st century (Alternative Energy). Alternative resources are widely available and are environmentally friendlyRead MoreRenewable Energy : Alternative Energy1559 Words   |  7 Pagesalternative energy sources we generally focus on the main types: nuclear, solar, wind, and hydroelectric. These are things that mainly do not cause pollution and are very environmentally friendly (Alternative Energy). Alternative energy is though t to be renewable and â€Å"free.† Biomass Energy, Wind Energy, Solar Energy, Geothermal Energy, and Hydroelectric Energy all have very low carbon emissions compared to the conventional energy sources (Alternative Energy). With using the alternative energy routeRead MoreRunning Head : Pursuing Clean Energy Options1699 Words   |  7 Pagesviability and emphasis on clean energy. There are five different venues of alternate energy sources, being that of solar, wind, nuclear, geothermal and hydroelectric power. Because of the variety of sources discussed here, this paper can only give a surface investigation on the topic. The emphasis is going to elaborate primarily on the positives of using these energy sources. Within this commentary, the attempt is to explain the various different aspects of each of the five energy supplies. SolarRead MoreUsing Hydropower Help Stop Global Warming1056 Words   |  5 Pages Scientific Paper: Using hydropower to help stop Global Warming Thomas McBrien Prof. Hussain FCSC-101:W06 Global Warming is the gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. These pollutants are produced by factories, cars, and even people and animals. Global Warming is a major concern because it affects all life forms and is changing the earth entirely

Osteoporosis Prevention On The Elderly - 1890 Words

Osteoporosis Prevention in the Elderly Abstract Osteoporosis is a common health concern globally. It has been estimated that 1 in 3 women in the United States suffers from osteoporosis and related fractures after menopausal age. According to the existing evidence, elderly patients have received inefficient attention regarding osteoporosis prevention or treatment. Moreover, physicians have practiced insufficiently in the prescription of anti-osteoporosis medication. Since the condition has a silent progressive process and presents with debilitating fractures, prompt diagnosis is of crucial importance to prevent morbidity and mortality. Nurses can play a pivotal role in postponing the osteoporosis progress and development of†¦show more content†¦Fragility fracture is occasionally the first presentation of osteoporosis. The incidence of osteoporosis-related fractures has been reported to increase with age and over 50% of the incidents occurring in menopausal women aged 75 year s. Vertebral column and hip are the most common site of fracture contributing to a significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Additionally, patients with a history of a fracture have a higher chance of encountering future fractures (Anders et al. 2007). Studies have demonstrated that as a person gets older, their likelihood of receiving adequate osteoporosis attention decreases with age. Moreover, elderly patients are very likely to develop more severe complication about osteoporosis. Therefore, prevention and prompt detection of patients at a high risk for development of osteoporosis is crucial. Herein. Nurses play a significant role in postponing osteoporosis and its morbidity or mortality by increasing patient s awareness to establish a healthy lifestyle, identification of patients for appropriate screening, and helping them to adhere to a preventive regimen (Chan, T., de Lusignan, S., Cooper, A., Elliott, M., 2015). Significance Osteoporosis occurs roughly in 30% of women with even a higher incidence in the elderly. It has been estimated that half of the hip fractures worldwide occur due to osteoporosis.

Cultural Anthro Karl Marx Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Cultural Anthro- Karl Marx Essay, Research Paper Where some possess much, and the others nil, there may originate an extreme- either out of the most rampant democracy, or out of an oligarchy. This was one time said by Aristotle who was likely the first to acknowledge the importance of a in-between category. A powerful argument whether the in-between category is basically defined by cultural or economic factors still remains an issue. A rich tradition is devoted to extricating economic from cultural constituents of a category. Harmonizing to Karl Marx, the in-between category is an branch of economic factors, chiefly capitalist economy. Many people tend to differ with Marx that capitalist economy is the lone of import factor in the branch of the in-between category. Judith R. Blau argues that her apprehension of the in-between category has much to make with inclusive cultural values. Blau demonstrates her sentiment though her descriptive anthropology, Social Contract and Economic Markets. I believe that Karl Marx s economic factors and Judith Blau s cultural factors together define the in-between category. Karl Marx believed category was a affair of economic sciences, that is, how the single tantrums into the form of modern capitalist society. Marx argued that the whole of capitalist society was constructed in order to back up this thought including the society s substructure. Marx believed that societal categories arise when a group additions control of the agencies of production. This group besides has the power to keep or increase its wealth by taking advantage of the excess value of labour. Many people question why a worker would labour under such conditions. The ground is rather simple harmonizing to Marx. The ground is political and societal representation. Members of this category chosen representatives who pass Torahs that serve their involvements. Landlords and mill proprietors were able to utilize their control of resources to work the unlanded labourers in the freshly emerging mills. Karl Marx looks at human societies as a whole, and asks how they reproduce themselves, and as a consequence, alteration. For Marx a cardinal inquiry about any society is whether it can bring forth more than it needs to reproduce itself, that is, a excess merchandise. Karl Marx believed that the in-between category is based upon economic factors and rooted in entirely that position. Many people have examined his work closely reasoning that economic factors could non perchance be the lone definition of the in-between category. Judith Blau examined Marx thought that the extent of the in-between category is defined by economic factors. Blau believes that although economic factors defined category lines, the existent differences were non so much economic as linked to the cultural significance of differences in life styles and businesss. The in-between category progressively defined a cultural footing for itself, and cultural functions played an increasing function in determining establishments. Lifestyles and establishments that provided the critical cultural individuality of the American middle category in the early beginnings were contingent on a set of alone historical conditions. These conditions ab initio involved great economic inequalities, with the concentration of wealth in the custodies of a little minority and a significant proportion of the population life at or below subsistence rewards. This was followed by quickly increasing richness and worsening inequalities. Judith Blau explains how holding roots and cultural heritage became a portion of the category life style. Rules sing category individuality became progressively flexible as in-between category life style and the cultural codifications of the in-between category became widely shared while sufficient Numberss of people were close plenty to immigrant beginnings to observe diverseness. Many factors after the Great Depression made the jubilation of diverseness possible. First, New Deal commissariats improved the income of workers and expanded occupations. Second, economic growing helped to cut down the differences between the mean wages paid to white-collar workers and blue-collar workers. Third, household incomes were improved by holding two members of the family employed. Fourth, joint earning in a household frequently makes a household position equivocal. Fifth, household members say over two g enerations are highly diverse in footings of instruction, income and business. And eventually, lifestyle differences were progressively eroded owing to the wide engagement in recreational activities such as travel abroad, bivouacing, traveling to sway concerts, and having a VCR. Judith Blau agrees with Karl Marx point of position that economic conditions created by industrial pay labour and high rates of in-migration combined with turning wealth of private capitalists, created glowering contrasts between the lives of the rich and of the hapless. Estimates of wealth distribution around 1870 suggest that the top tenth part of one per centum had 15 per centum of the wealth, and over 50 per centum of the population had no existent or personal assets. This increasing prosperity generated a demand for services- retail merchants, jobbers, owners, instructors, professionals- that were distinct from both the categories composed of bankers and industrialists and from the big category of pay earners. Harmonizing to Judith Blau, the in-between category was made possible by precisely the same economic conditions that created the pay gaining fabricating category. What distinguished the in-between category from the working category were differences in occupational milieus and household constellations. Judith Blau states- I contend that these are the really structural conditions under which cultural factors became progressively outstanding in he development of category individuality. The really fact of glowering inequalities between, on the one manus, workers in sweatshops, slaughter houses, and mills and, on the other had, affluent industrialists and bankers enabled the middling common people to pull out and overprice the cultural codifications of white-collar life style. Karl Marx thought that the in-between category is an branch of economic factors is wholly right in my sentiment. The thought that the development of societal categories occur when one additions control of the agencies of production is apprehensible. This is an illustration of the manner societal hierarchies arise. Harmonizing to the integrative theory of societal stratification, a societal hierarchy is necessary for the smooth operation of modern society. In my sentiment that statement is right. Through economic factors this hierarchy constructs a category system. A category system is developed and the in-between category is so derived. However, does this mean that the in-between category is defined entirely on economic factors? I believe that there is much more to the manner a category system is established beyond the initial economic constituents. In my sentiment economic factors create a society nevertheless the civilization defines it. The thought of diverseness that Judith Blau explains displays her point rather good. Diversity is what makes people different and allows people to research their ain civilization and life style. After the in-between category was established people were able to research their ain heritage. Ethnicity and faith residentially segregated urban working category members. The in-between category, which when foremost started, began turning in figure were less divided by these lines. They were able to set up vicinities based more on life manner by making their ain community. The in-between category created it s ain societal establishments, such as public University s, newspapers, section shops, libraries and concern nines. This was a manner that basically defines a category. Using economic and institutional associations that of which requires cultural edgework defines the in-between category system. The controversial argument as to whether the in-between category is defined by cultural or economic factors has been supported successfully by both sides. Karl Marx states his sentiment clearly that economic factors are the footing of a category system. Marx explains that through a capitalist society where the agency of production and societal and political representation are the construction of the society. Judith Blau agrees with Marx that economic factors create a society nevertheless, cultural grounds define it. Blau explains how holding roots and cultural heritage form s a societal category. I believe that the in-between category was established by economic factors nevertheless, the diverseness of people through their civilization is what defines a society.

SAT Essays - Philosophers Of Education, Deists,

SAT Jean-Jacques Rousseau is one of the most influential thinkers during the Enlightenment in eighteenth century Europe. His first major philosophical work, A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, was the winning response to an essay contest conducted by the Academy of Dijon in 1750. In this work, Rousseau argues that the progression of the sciences and arts has caused the corruption of virtue and morality. This discourse won Rousseau fame and recognition, and it laid much of the philosophical groundwork for a second, longer work, The Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. The second discourse did not win the Academys prize, but like the first, it was widely read and further solidified Rousseaus place as a significant intellectual figure. The central claim of the work is that human beings are basically good by nature, but were corrupted by the complex historical events that resulted in present day civil society. Rousseaus praise of nature is a theme that continues throughout his later work s as well, the most significant of which include his comprehensive work on the philosophy of education, the Emile, and his major work on political philosophy, The Social Contract: both published in 1762. These works caused great controversy in France and were immediately banned by Paris authorities. Rousseau fled France and settled in Switzerland, but he continued to find difficulties with authorities and quarrel with friends. The end of Rousseaus life was marked in large part by his growing paranoia and his continued attempts to justify his life and his work. This is especially evident in his later books, The Confessions, The Reveries of the Solitary Walker, and Rousseau: Judge of Jean-Jacques. Rousseau greatly influenced Immanuel Kants work on ethics. His novel Julie or the New Heloise impacted the late eighteenth centurys Romantic Naturalism movement, and his political ideals were championed by leaders of the French Revolution.

Louis Isadore Kahn And The Salk Institute Essays - Louis Kahn

Louis Isadore Kahn And The Salk Institute Essays - Louis Kahn Louis Isadore Kahn And The Salk Institute Louis Kahn and The Salk Institute Standing alone against the endless blue sea, the Salk Institute by Louis I. Kahn is one of a kind. Louis Kahn's Salk Institute for Biological Studies on the Pacific coast near La Jolla aspires within its own spirit to an order achieved through clarity, definition, and consistency of application(Heyer 195). To many, this magnificent structure may seem out of place, but it works well with the surrounding environment because of the spatial continuity that it possesses. The relation to the site, the tectonic characteristics, and the ideas of servant versus served, combine to achieve a great sense of order in the Salk Institute. Many of the ideas that went into the construction of this design are still utilized in architecture today. Kahn's modern design takes full advantage of the atmosphere by opening up a broad plaza between two research and lab wings providing a view of the beautiful Pacific Ocean and the coastline (Ghirardo 227). The laboratories are separated from the study areas, and each study has a view of the magnificent blue Pacific with horizontal light pouring in. This allows scientists to take a break from their frantic studies and clear their minds with a breath-taking view. In relation to this idea Kahn stated, I separated the studies from the laboratory and placed them over the gardens. Now one need not spend all the time in the laboratories (Ronner 158). The two lab wings are symmetrical about a small stream that runs through the middle of the courtyard and feeds into the ocean. This steady ban of water flowing towards the sea symbolizes the success that human can accomplish. I thought this idea had a worthy presence, considering the Salk Institute is one that promotes research and study. Thus, the courtyard is considered the faade to the sky. Kahn didn't need to dress up the land around the plan because the Salk Institute is the landscape. It is one with the site. Kahn incorporates the use of tectonic characteristics within this design in a number of ways. The materials used included wood, concrete, marble, water, and glass, and they all contributed to the Brutalist notions and simplistic plan. He believed that concrete was the stone of modern man, and therefore it was to be left with exposed joints and formwork markings (Ronner 164). Weathered wood and glass combined with the concrete to construct the outside surface. Kahn also integrated mechanical and electrical services into this architecture, which gave laboratories a new concept. These technologies were hidden in the design to continue Kahn's search for order in the plan. Ceiling and column ideas were also combined to separate the air that you breathe from the air that you throw away. Interlocking volumes are present throughout the structure, all the way down to the details on the furniture (Ghirardo 227). The servant and served spaces in the Salk Institute create a consistent order, which is evident throughout the design. The laboratories act as the served spaces, while the servant spaces are represented by the studies. All of the ideas are initiated in the studies or offices, and the research is carried out in the labs. Therefore, the servant spaces serve the served spaces. These are not the only ways that the served and servant concepts are involved in the institute. An idea that is still used to this day in all forms of architecture is the way the Kahn guides the utilities through the building in an unnoticeable manner. Served spaces and servant spaces are entirely integrated (Scully 36). Kahn also made a service floor under each laboratory which established a very flexible space, and this concept is still used today (Frampton 245). Overlooking the great Pacific, this is no ordinary office building. Louis Kahn used a combination of modern architecture with much simplicity to produc e arguably his greatest feat as an architect. A lot of concepts that he initiated in this plan are still in use all over the world today. The relation to the site, the tectonic characteristics, and the ideas of servant versus served, all work together to achieve a great sense of order in the Salk Institute. Bibliography Frampton,

Understanding Sexual Dimorphism

Understanding Sexual Dimorphism Sexual dimorphism is the difference in morphology between male and female members of the same species. Sexual dimorphism includes differences in size, coloration, or body structure between the sexes. For example, the male northern cardinal has a bright red plumage while the female has a duller plumage. Male lions  have a mane, female lions do not. Examples of Sexual Dimorphism Male elk (Cervus canadensis) grow antlers, while female elk do not have antlers.Male elephant seals (Mirounga sp.) develop an elongated snout and fleshy nose that they inflate as a sign of aggression when competing with other males during the mating season.Male birds of paradise (Paradisaeidae) are noted for their elaborate plumage and complex mating dances. Females are far less ornate. In most cases, when size differences exist between the male and female of a species, it is the male that is the larger of the two sexes. But in a few species, such as birds of prey and owls, the female is the larger of the sexes and such a size difference is referred to as reverse sexual dimorphism. One rather extreme case of reverse sexual dimorphism exists in a species of deepwater anglerfish called the triplewart seadevils (Cryptopsaras couesii). The female triplewart seadevil grows much larger than the male and develops the characteristic illicium that serves as a lure to prey. The male, about one-tenth the size of the female, attaches itself to the female as a parasite. Resources and Further Reading Folkens P. 2002. National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. New York: Alfred A. Knopff.

The American children of the gilded age Research Paper

The American children of the gilded age - Research Paper Example These include the native American-Indians and the immigrant groups from Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. Although they are the native inhabitants of the country, the Indians were compelled to succumb to the pressure of Americanization (Monaghan 59). Meaning, the government was committed to see them get assimilated into the mainstream American culture. Having traced their roots in America, the Indians were perceived to be conservative people who were deeply rooted in their traditional activities. This included practices like hunting, traditional religious practices and many values and beliefs that were fiercely opposed by the westernized government. So, to assimilate them into the main system, the government came up with several policies. The most outstanding of these strategies was the introduction of western education amongst the Indians. It was thought that education would help in assimilating them into the desired culture. After the dramatic changes in 1865, the national government came up with the idea of establishing National Boarding Schools for the American Indians. Although it was fiercely opposed by the American Indians, the government went ahead to remove the children and forcefully take them to these institutions. Here, they would be separated from the rest of the society that might influence them to embrace their native cultural practices. By taking them to the boarding schools, the government hoped, they would get an ample opportunity to learn different aspects of European-American culture without any hindrance. In these schools, the children would learn much about Christianity, English language and all the aspects of American culture that were accepted by the government. The successful withdrawal of these children from their families would not only assimilate them into the mainstream American culture, but also put them in the right path of abandoning the aspects of the native culture

The morality of abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The morality of abortion - Essay Example It has been a question pondered for decades, possibly even millennia. Some feel that it begins at conception, the moment the sperm fertilizes the egg, and others believe life begins only once the being is viable, or can live and breathe on its own, while others argue it is at birth, once it is its own entity. In today’s society this question has taken on a much more legal realm rather than a philosophical one. Due to its validity in the argument for the morality of abortion it has become one of the hottest topics of debate today. Arguments for both sides, pro life and pro choice, can be seen in most every media outlet; from late night TV, to Presidential debates. It seems everyone has a view on this issue and all seem to want to have their say. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the human race has strong ties to its origins so in answering the question of if humans were once fetuses; many feel the answer to when life begins will also be uncovered. After researching the quest ion of, was a human being ever a fetus and the moral issue of what the arguments are for both the anti-abortionist and those who are pro-choice, the question of the morality of abortion should become clear. ... In this he argues that we could never have been something that was not a person, such as a fetus. He then takes this idea step further in saying that since only persons are moral agents and as a result have rights, no abortion ever has nor ever will violate any rights since non-persons, in this case fetuses, do not have any. This debate, though it seems logical, can hold many horrendous implications. If, in society, we view only those who are capable of rational and moral activity, as persons and therefore the only ones to have rights, many others besides the fetus could be excluded. Take for instance a man in a comma. In the comma state the man does not have the ability of ration or moral activity; he is in a sense a vegetable, same as a fetus. So according to this theory if he was an inconvenience then the plug could be pulled and it would be okay to let him die because he is not essentially a person. A new born, according to this theory, could also be deemed incapable of rational and moral activity, so in essence it is yet to be essentially a person, so therefore has no rights and if one so choose could be done away with. Another example would be a mentally handicap person, in many severe cases, the mentally handicap are incapable of rational and moral activity, therefore are they not considered essentially persons with rights. It seems that saying that only those with rational and moral activity are essentially persons and therefore have rights is a dangerous road to travel. Olson, however, takes on the view that we are not all essentially persons, but that each of us is essentially a member of the species, Homo sapiens, in short, an animal, a biological kind. He says that the properties of personhood are acquired by humans at some stage in

Othellos Downfall Essay Example for Free

Othellos Downfall Essay Males within Venetian society maintained a higher status than women and were considered to hold the power and intellect. Throughout women’s lives, they are owned by a male figure; as a young girl they are owned by the father, but once they are married they are then owned by the husband. They were also expected to portray a feminine figure, obey and respect men, remain virtuous and maintain a good status as an Elizabethan wife. Throughout Shakespeare play Othello, Iago leads Othello to believe that his wife Desdemona is being unfaithful towards him with his newly appointed lieutenant Cassio. Without confronting his wife about this accusation, he begins to prematurely punish her by treating her without respect and later on strikes her. This occurs In act 4 scene 1, and Desdemona responds to Othello by saying â€Å"I have not deserved this†. During Venetian times, physical abuse upon wives was emitted, with the wife unable to fight back. Women were also seen as something males owned. The relationship between Iago and Emilia was clearly not built on love and passion; instead it seemed to be built on Iago’s goal to gain status among piers. Iago requests many favours from Emilia such as stealing Desdemona’s handkerchief and follows Iago in a wifely duty. He does not treat her like his wife until he requires something of her. This shows how the women were used in venetian society, there was no relationship with a give and take system. Instead it was merely the men who would take from the women, and the women would just accept that, as it was the way they were raised. In Act 3 scene 3 Emilia says aloud â€Å"my wayward husband hath a hundred times wooed me to steal it†¦ I’ll have the work tane out and give’t Iago† this gives the audience the understanding that Emilia has been requested by Iago to steal the Desdemona’s handkerchief while knowing that it has some link to an evil act ,as she references her husband to a â€Å"wayward husband†. Women being seen as male owned, is also shown in Act 1 scene 3, Desdemona informs her father Brobantio that although she is grateful for all he has done for her; providing life and education. Now however, she has a husband and she will give all her loyalty to him, just as her mother gave her loyalty to Brobantio. In this scene, it is the only time in which we are shown the strong-willed, brave, outspoken and independent side of her. It was also common in Venetian society form men to be trusted over women. In act 4 scene 2, Emilia and Othello discuss of Desdemona and Casio’s relationship. Emilia defends Desdemona’s honesty, claiming â€Å"I heard each syllable that breath made up between them† and that there was nothing suspicious going on between the two of them. However despite the conversation between the two, Othello does not take any of this into account when later on he and his wife are in conversation and he refers to Desdemona as a â€Å"impudent strumpet†. This shows how women were not as trusted as men were through Othello ignoring Emilia’s evidence and choosing to believe Iago’s. The play wright’s criticism of the way women were treated in Venetian society show that they believe that in some cases, Desdemona should have defended herself when she was faced with severe provocation. She doesn’t confess to losing the handkerchief of which Othello presented to her as a token of his love. This is because of the fact that she feared the outcome of the situation if she did, as Othello has power. Her actions in response to Othello’s accusations were merely exemplary behaviour of married women in Venetian society. Desdemona is obedient towards Othello, and herself declares of it in act 3 scene 3 â€Å"I am obedient†. Throughout the play she obeys Othello commands from the early stages of marriage to the later stages of his jealous ravings. She continues to obey Othello in the act 5 when he orders her to go to the bedroom with which she replies â€Å"I will, my lord†. Down to her very last breath she remains true to Othello saying â€Å"commend me to my kind lord†. Desdemona appears to have accepted her role completely as a subordinate and obedient wife. Through the use of the willow song in the Othello, it truly re-enforced Desdemona’s grief as it would stir up the audience to feel the sadness of her as a victim and feeling empathetic towards her. The language in the song really made the audience understand her better, rather than accepting the outcome of the play, as something that was not preventable and should have been expected. In Othello, the Venetian society, moulded on the ideology of Elizabethan England, place women in their position. This is that they behave as men expect, believing this to be ‘natural’. They are considered to possessions of men and are to remain submissive and meek at all times. The only power they possess is their sexual power; however the women must remain loyal towards their husbands. This power must be resisted by men in society as it is considered evil.

Leukemia: Cancer of the Blood Essay -- Diseases, Disorders

The river of life, the blood is the body’s primary means of transportation. Blood is a part of the hematopoietic system, which also includes lymphatic tissue, bone marrow, and the spleen. Blood is a complex transport medium that performs vital pick-up and delivery services for the body by picking up food and oxygen from the digestive and respiratory systems, and delivering those vital elements to different cells of the body. In exchange of the blood and oxygen, blood then picks up wastes from the cells for delivery to the urinary organs. These functions could not be provided for the individual cells without the blood. Like any other structure of the body, blood can be attacked by many types of disease, such as Leukemia. Leukemia is a general name given to a number of blood cancers that affect the blood. Blood transports hormones, enzymes, buffers, other types of biochemicals that are important in body functions. The blood is made of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is the clear, straw-colored fluidpart of the blood. The formed elements consist of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The red blood cells (erythrocytes), play a critical role in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide to various parts of the body, and play an important role in the homeostasis of the acid base balance of the body. The white blood cells (leukocytes), are responsible for cellular defense (phagocytosis of pathogenic microorganisms), humoral defense (secretion of antibodies involved in immune system response and regulation), and play a role in the body’s inflammatory response (secretion of Heparin and Histamine). Platelets play an important role in homeostasis of the blood and the coagulation (blood clotting). The average adult has appro... ...efinite way to prevent it from affecting the lives of many people. Fortunately, the medical world has developed many treatment options for the different types of leukemia and many people are able to survive and beat this potentially deadly cancer. Works Cited Bozzone, Donna M. â€Å"Leukemia.†Infobase Publishing Inc. 2009.11-134. CTCA Cancer Treatment Centers & Hospitals.Integrative Cancer Care.Web. 15 Jan 2012. http://cancercenter.com/. Lerner, Adrienne W. â€Å"Leukemia.†Greenhaven Press. 2009. 14-135. Leukemia and Lymphoma Society- Official Website.Web. 23 Jan 2012. http://www.leukemia.org. â€Å"Leukemia- Symptoms, Types, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment Options for Leukemia.†WebMD- Better Information Better Health.Web. 3 Feb 2012. http://www.webmd.com/cancer/tc/leukemia-topic-overview. Parks, Peggy J. â€Å"Leukemia.†ReferencePoint Press Inc. 2010. 8-73.

The William Wrigley Jr. Company Essay

1.0   Introduction Identifying opportunities for corporate financial restructuring was typical for Blanka Dobrynin, a managing partner of the hedge fund Aurora Borealis LLC. In 2002, with the then debt free William Wrigley Jr. Company (Wrigley) in her sights, she asked her associate Susan Chandler to conduct research on the impact of a $3 billion debt recapitalisation on the company. This case report aims to make an informed recommendation on whether Wrigley should pursue the $3 billion debt proposal. 2.0 Optimal Capital Structure According to Miller and Modigliani’s (1958) first proposition, the value of a firm is independent of its capital structure, assuming no corporate taxes. It was later demonstrated that the existence of debt in the capital structure creates a debt shield that increases the value of the firm by the present value of the tax shield (Miller & Modigliani, 1963). This line of reasoning implies that debt financing adds significant value to the firm and an optimal capital structure occurs with 100% debt. However, this is an unlikely outcome in reality with restrictions imposed by lending institutions, bankruptcy costs and the need for preserving financial flexibility implying that management will maintain a substantial reserve of borrowing power (Miller & Modigliani, 1963). These imperfections have since been discussed as additional factors when determining an optimal capital  structure. The trade off theory suggests that an optimal capital structure may be achieved by determining the trade-off between tax shields and the costs of financial distress (Kraus & Litzenberger, 1973). The presence of tax shields means that the optimal capital structure decision is unique for each firm (DeAngelo & Masulis, 1980). High levels of debt can lead to indirect bankruptcy costs and financial distress costs which relate generally the costs associated with going bankrupt or avoiding bankruptcy. At high debt levels, the benefit of debt may be offset by financial distress costs. It appears that the optimal cash structure exists somewhere in the middle. Jensen and Meckling (1976) noted the existence of ‘agency costs of debt’. These costs arise when equity holders act in their own interest rather than the firm’s interest. As Wrigley is a family owned company it is unlikely that agency costs will be an issue. 3.0 Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) The question that underlies the decision to pursue the debt proposal is whether Wrigley is efficiently financed without debt. In this report, the WACC will be the main factor when determining whether Wrigley is efficiently financed. The WACC is the minimum return that a company needs to satisfy all of its investors, which is also the – it is the required rate of return on the overall firm. The value of Wrigley will be maximized when its WACC is minimized. This report will examine the optimal capital structure as the one that produces the lowest possible WACC. WACC is one of the most important methods in assessing a company’s financial health, both for internal use, such as capital budgeting, and external use, such as valuing investments or companies. It is able to provide an insight into the cost of financing and can be used as a hurdle rate for investment decisions. It can also be used to find the best capital structure for the company. The WACC can be used as a rough guide to the interest rate per monetary unit of capital (Pratt & Grabowski, 2008). The WACC method can be considered a better indicator than other methods such as earnings per share (EPS) or earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) because it takes into consideration the relative weight of each component of a company’s capital structure (Armitage, 2005). The calculation uses the market values of the components rather than the book values as these values may differ significantly. The components WACC takes into consideration include internal and external factors such as equity, debt, warrants, options, pension liabilities, executive stock options and government subsidies (Hazel, 1999); whereas the EPS and EBIT calculations only take into consideration the internal factors, such as total earnings. of the company and However, the earnings reported by a company may not be a reliable value, as they tend to report more favourable values as opposed to the true amounts. However, as the WACC is calculated according to M&M theory, some of the input parameters can be difficult to ascertain. This is due to the uncertainty that exists in the market that would influence the outcome. Another issue limitation with the WACC, is that it relies on the assumption made in the M&M propositions, which do not necessarily apply in the real world. Some assumptions that do not apply include the fact that transaction costs exist and individuals and corporations do not borrow at the same rate. Referring to Appendix 1, the calculations show a slight increase in the WACC after the $3 billion debt is acquired. This change is more profound when using the 10 year US treasury rate as the risk free return – an increase from 10.11% to 10.28% for the WACC. Therefore it appears that the optimal capital structure for Wrigley would be one containinginclude no debt as this provides the lowest WACC. 4.0 Estimating the effect of the recapitalisation on: 4.1 Share value In an efficient market, it is assumed that the share price will change  quickly to reflect investors changing perceptions about the new debt issue. The effect of the recapitalisation on the share price can be summarised by Miller and Modigliani’s adjusted NPV formula: Post-recapitalisation equity value = Pre-recapitalisation equity value + Present value of debt tax shields + Present value of distress related costs + SignalingSignalling, incentive & clientele effects Assuming the debt will continue into perpetuity, the present value of the $3 billion debt would be $1.2 billion. Using the post recapitalisation value of equity incorporating the tax shield of $1.2 billion, the stock price is increased from $56.37 to $61.51. The remaining factors of this equation are very difficult to ascertain. The present value of the distress related costs could be assumed to be the value of a put option on the debt. Nevertheless, it could be assumed that financial distress costs would be negligible in Wrigley’s situation, as it is a market leader with a strong financial position. It is very difficult to estimate the cost of signalingsignalling and clientele effects and it is necessary to bear this in mind when looking at the increase on share price as it does not fully reflect all relevant considerations. 4.2 Level of Flexibility Financial flexibility refers to the ability of a firm to respond in a timely and value-maximizing manner to unexpected changes in the firm’s cash flows or investment opportunity set (Dennis, 2011). Chief Financial Officers surveyed by Graham and Harvey (2001) state that financial flexibility is the most important determinant of corporate capital structure (Graham and Harvey, 2001). A flexible capital structure can be achieved by preserving access to low-cost sources of capital. DeAngelo and DeAngelo (2011) argue that firms should optimally maintain low levels of leverage in most periods in order to be better equipped to cope with the adverse consequences of exogenous shocks. They also argue that firms should maintain low leverage and high dividend payouts in â€Å"normal† periods in order to preserve the option to borrow or issue equity in future â€Å"abnormal† periods characterised by earnings short  falls and/or lucrative investment opportunities. The financial flexibility of Wrigley will be reduced as borrowing $3 billion now will lower their ability to borrow in the future if there are any lucrative investment opportunities or cope with any unexpected exogenous shocks to the market and themselves. 4.3 Mix of Debt and Equity Considerations have to be made when evaluating the recapitalisation of Wrigley’s capital structure by adding debt. A concern of Wrigley is deciding the debt ratio which optimizes the overall value of the firm. Companies are often inclined to choose debt over equity as the cost of debt is cheaper due to the tax shield created. With the addition of $3 billion of debt in Wrigley’s capital structure, the tax shields benefit will increase the equity value by $1.2 billion. The estimation of the tax benefits are assumed under the condition that Wrigley will maintain debt value of $3 billion in perpetuity. As a result of $3 billion payout, the value of equity will decline by $1.8 billion which will be offset by the present value of the debt tax shield ($1.2 billion). Wrigley’s debt/equity level after recapitalisation will be 78% and 22% debt. The traditional view is that taking on higher levels of debt could potentially generate more earnings on positive NPV projects which could increase the company’s value. Although it should be noted that considerations have to be made at what which point, debt becomes more costly to Wrigley in terms of increased risk to shareholders. Assessing Wrigley’s optimal debt level, it suggests that the optimal point would be not taking on any debt. By taking on debt, Wrigley’s credit rating will fall from AAA to BB/B, as it would be increasing it’s risk levels of financial distress and risk of bankruptcy cost. Assessing From this, it can be recommended that Wrigley’s optimal debt level, it suggests that the optimal point would be not taking on any debt.having minimal debt. 4.4 Reported earnings per share Before the proposed recapitalisation, Wrigley will have no minimal debt. If Wrigley does not have any income, they still need to pay the interest on the debt, so EPS will be negative. Referring to Appendix 2, the two lines intersect where EBIT is $1.70 billion and EPS is $12.21. This is the break-even point – if EBIT is above this point leverage is beneficial. If Wrigley’s income was higher than $1.70 billion, they could should take the $3 billion debt. In fact, the current income is only $0.51 billion therefore according to a breakeven EBIT analysis, Wrigley should not pursue the debt. 5.0 Other matters for the board’s consideration 5.1 Effect on Voting Control Assuming the $3billion is used either for a dividend payout or share repurchase, only the second option would alter the amount of shares outstanding. The Wrigley family already controlled 21% of the common stock and 58% of the Class B common stock, which had superior voting rights attached. A $3 billion share repurchase would substantially increase the voting control of the Wrigley family, however the family was already in a majority position so voting control would not be substantially different. A strong controlling majority is highly advantageous in deterring potential mergers and acquisitions. 5.2 Clientele and Signaling effects In general, companies that take on debt signal to investors that the company is in a good financial position as it is able to make future interest repayments. If the debt were used for a dividend payout, this would signal to investors that the company is doing well and increase the stock price. However, using the debt for a share repurchase might have a clientele effect  on potential investors that prefer dividend payouts. These investors could potentially sell their remaining stock in reaction to the share buyback resulting in the stock price falling. 6.0 Conclusion The WACC indicated that taking on $3b of debt would reduce the value of Wrigley company. This value could change, provided the Wrigley company had an investment opportunity or plan to use the newly obtained debt of $3b. The WACC value may be disregarded or adjusted if Wrigley had a high NPV project to invest in or provided a specific use for the funds. However, in the current situation, there is no indication of the reasons for Wrigley to take on the debt and thus they are unnecessarily restricting their financial flexibility. This could prove costly in the future if there are any unexpected negative shocks to the market or Wrigley may miss out on a highly lucrative investment opportunity due to their inability to borrow more. Therefore it is our recommendation that the Wrigley company does not take on the $3b of new debt as it would reduce the total value of the company at this point in time. 7.0 References Armitage, S. (2005). The Cost of Capital: Intermediate Theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DeAngelo H., & DeAngelo, L., (2006) Capital Structure, Payout Policy, and Financial Flexibility, University of Southern California working paper. DeAngelo, H., & R.W. Masulis. (1980) Optimal Capital Structure under Corporate and Personal Taxation. Journal of Financial Economics 8, 3-29. DeAngelo, H., DeAngelo, L., & Whited T.M., (2011) Capital structure dynamics and transitory debt. Journal of Financial Economics, 99, 235–261. Denis, D J. (2011) Financial Flexibility and Corporate Liquidity. Journal of Corporate Finance, 17(3), 667-674. J.R. Graham, & C.R. Harvey., (2001) The theory and practice of corporate finance: evidence from the field. Journal of Finance and Economics 60, 187–243. Jensen, M., & Meckling, W. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs, and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics 3, 305-360. Johnson, H. (1999). Determining Cost of Capital: The Key to Firm Value. London: FT Prentice Hall. Kraus, A., & R.H. Litzenberger. (1973) A State Preference Model of Optimal Financial Leverage. Journal of Finance (September), 911-922. Modigliani, F., & M.H. Miller. (1958). The Costs of Capital, Corporate Finance, and the Theory of Investment. American Economic Review, 48 (June), 261-297. Modigliani, F., & M.H. Miller. (1963). Corporate Income Taxes and the Cost of Capital: A Correction. American Economic Review 53 (June), 433-443. Pratt, Shannon P., & Roger J. Grabowski. (2008) Cost of Capital: Applications and Examples. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

In the Light of the Energy Systems Used During Prolonged

Coursework 2 Name: Mohamed Abdulwahab Exercise metabolism Title: In the light of the energy systems used during prolonged endurance events, critically analyse the nutritional strategies that a marathon runner should adopt before and whilst running a marathon in temperate environmental conditions (16-18oC). 1. Introduction: 1. 1 Energy intake: 1. 2 Fluid intake: 1. 3 Carbohydrate intake: 2. Building energy and fluid: 1. Before competition: 2. During competition: 3. Nutritional recommendation: 3. 0 Summary: 4. 0 Reference: 1. 0 Introduction:The term energy system refers to the body’s ability, or power, to do physical work. The energy system requires to do body work that takes several different forms: mechanical, electrical, light, radiant, and heat (Economos, 1993). Energy system is like matter, which can neither be created nor destroyed (Bortz, 1993). It can only be changed into another form; therefore energy is constant cycle in the body and environment (Nelson, 1993). Potenti al energy is stored energy which is ready to be used. Kinetics energy is active energy which can be used to do work (Burke, 1991). Energy balance n a physical activity requires a base of sound nutrition to supply the substrate fuels, which along with oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) meet widely varying levels of energy demand for body action (Gollan, 1991). Fuel sources are the basic energy nutrition in the diet, primarily carbohydrate and some fat (Read, 1991). Their metabolic products-glucose, glycogen, and fatty acids-provide ready fuel sourced for the chemical energy reactions within cells (Murray, 1998). The main energy compound of the body cells is needed during a marathon run is aerobic system (Horswill, 1998).It has rightly a form of energy currency of the cell. A long-term energy system, when exercising more than 2 minutes is required O2 dependant, or aerobic energy system (Pate, 1992). A constant supply of O2 in the blood is necessary for continued exercise (Branch, 1992). Espe cially cells organelles, the mitochondria are located within each cell, produce large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Hargreaves, 1996). The ATP is produced mainly from glucose and fatty acids and supplies the continued energy needs of the body (Dillo, 1996).When the fuel nutrition becomes depleted during exercise, as an energy demands increase the body burns blood glucose and muscle glycogen as well as reserves from fatty acids to provide energy (Angus, 1996). With prolonged exercise levels of these nutrition fail too low to sustain the body continued demands, fatigue followed and exhaustion threatens (Fabbriao, 1996). A marathon runner, energy system is defined as aerobic capacity, which depends on the body’s ability to deliver and the use of O2 in sufficient quantities to meet the demands of increased level of exercise (Coyle, 1986).O2 uptake increases with exercise intensity until either the demand is net or the ability to supply it is exceeded (Hammert, 1986). T he maximum rate that the body can take in O2, or aerobic capacity is called the Vo2max the maximum uptake volume of O2 (Ivy, 1986). This capacity determines the intensity and duration of exercise that an athlete can perform (Coyle, 1986). A long-distance race requires the sustained production of high rates of energy production, with the typical contribution of aerobic energy system varying according to the duration of the race (Costill, 1985).Aerobic metabolism accounts for the greater majority of the energy cost of long-distance events, especially half-marathon and marathon races (William, 1996). The elite level of long-distance running, particularly in males, is dominated by African runners, are outstanding competitor in half-marathon and marathon events (Wilson, 1996). 1. 1 Energy intake: Endurance athletes are involved in events where there is continuous movement for longer than 30 minutes (Burrin, 1996).Some endurance sports combine periods of slow, continuous movement with per iods of fast, quick burst of movement, and other endurance sports require continuous movement overlong-distances or time periods (Tsintzas, 1995). In the types of activity there is a premium on supplying sufficient energy and fluid to assure that the athlete does not become exhausted or over-heated from the continuous energy burn (Williams, 1995). A failure to supply sufficient energy of the right type will lead to early fatigue and poor athletic performance (Williams, 1995).The goal for the endurance athlete is therefore to establish a workable strategy for supplying sufficient energy and fluids (Williams, 1995). Before and during practice and competition to sustain muscular work for a long-duration and at the highest possible intensity (Wilson, 1995). Aerobic metabolism is the energy system of greatest importance for endurance athletes. In this energy pathway oxygen is used to help transfer phosphorus into new ATP molecules (Burrin, 1995). Aerobic metabolism occurs in the mitochon dria of the cells, where the vast majority of all ATP is produced from the entering acetyl-CoA, (Burrin, 1995).Fast can be converted to acetyl-CoA through a process called beta-oxidative metabolism pathway (Burrin, 1995). This pathway is very oxygen dependant which means that fast can only be burned aerobically (Wilson, 1995). The ability of an athlete to achieve a steady state of oxygen uptake into the cells is a function of how well an athlete is aerobically conditioned (Coggan, 1992). An athlete that frequently trains aerobically is likely to reach a steady state faster than one does not train aerobically (Coggan, 1992).In theory once an athlete reaches a level of oxygen uptake that matches oxygen requirement for the given level of exertion (Coggan, 1992). The exercise could go on for as long as the body’s carbohydrate level and fluid did not reach a critical state (Sherman, 1996). For instance a long-distance runner is in a steady state could continue running provided the runner replaced the carbohydrate and fluid that are used in the activity (Sherman, 1995). Therefore, endurance is enhanced with a periodic intake of carbohydrates and fluid during the activity (Swanson, 1992).Athletes with different levels of conditioning are likely to achieve steady state at different levels of exercise intensity (Sherman, 1995). When athletes are being well-conditioned they might be able to maintain a steady state at a high enough level of exercise intensity to easily win a race (Williams, 1995. In other words, they can go really at a fast paced but still provide enough oxygen to your cell to satisfy your aerobic needs (Swanson, 1992). 1. 2 Fluid: As athletes exercise there is an inevitable loss of body water through sweat (Economos, 1993).The cooling system plus the normal urinary water loss may amount cover 10 litres of daily water loss when exercising in a warm environment (Borts, 1993). In a hot or humid environment water losses may exceed three litres per ho ur, but may be less than 0. 5 litres per hour cool dry environment (Nelson, 1993). Despite the high rates of sweat losses experienced by athletes, most athletes replace on fifty percent of the water that is lost, a behaviour that inevitably leads to progressive dehydration and a decline in performance (Nelson, 1993).Researches have clearly demonstrated that even a slight dehydration of two percent of body weight causes a measureable decrease in athletic performance (Borts, 1993). Therefore, when athletes take steps to satisfy fluid requirements, they are helping to guarantee optimal athletic performance (Economos, 1993). 1. 3 Carbohydrate: Athletes require carbohydrate during both low and high intensity activities (Burke, 1991). When carbohydrate stores are depleted the athlete quickly becomes fatigued and performance drops dramatically (Gollan, 1991).However, since the storage level of carbohydrate is relatively low gen compared fat stores; athletes must make a conscious effort to replace carbohydrate at every opportunity (Read, 1991). When having high levels of stored carbohydrate (glycogen) and consuming carbohydrates during exercise that last up to an hour or more are well-established techniques for optimizing athletic endurance (Murray, 1998). Consuming carbohydrate during exercise helps to maintain blood sugar (glucose) and insulin, which encourages sugar uptake by working muscles (Horswill, 1998).This helps to increase the muscular metabolism of carbohydrates and also helps to assure that carbohydrates are not depleted during exercise (Horswill, 1998). The concentration of carbohydrate consumed early during endurance running may influence the degree to which the athlete gets gastrointestinal (GI), discomfort (Murray, 1998). It was found that a 5. 5 percent (13 gram of carbohydrate per 8 ounces of fluid), carbohydrate solution produced the same level (relative low) of GI distress as plain water (Pate, 1992). A 6. percent (18 gram of carbohydrate per 8 ou nces of fluid), solution, on the other hand, doubled the incident of distress when athletes were asked to perform the same exercise (Branch, 1992). In addition, only the 5. 5 percent carbohydrate solution imparted a significant improvement in performance (Branch, 1992). In a study of marathon running performance, that are running over 26 miles, were asked to consume either water, a 5. 5 percent carbohydrate solution or a 6. 9 percent carbohydrate solution on three occasions (Pate, 1992).The fastest times were recorded when they consumed the 5. 5percent carbohydrate solution, while consuming the 6. 9 percent solution resulted in times that were similar to consuming plain water (Hargreaves, 1996). Although, athletes have a tremendous need for carbohydrate, trying to provide too much too fast causes difficulties and may detract from performance (Dillo, 1996). Therefore, it appears clear that having a carbohydrate containing beverages during exercise is a very good thing to do (Angus, 1 996).Resynthesis of glycogen following activity is also important, since glycogen reserves are severely depleted following activity lasting an hour or longer (Fabbrioa, 1996). The efficiency of glycogen resynthesis is dependent on several factors, including: (1) the timing of carbohydrate intake, (2) the amount of carbohydrate consumed, (3) the type of carbohydrate consumed, and (4), the degree to which muscles has been damaged during the exercise (Fabbrioa, 1996). 2. 0 Building energy and fluid: The importance of building and maintaining energy reserves to support endurance exercise is well-established (Angus, 1996).It is very clear that endurance athlete who begins competing with more stored carbohydrates have more available at the end of the competition (Coyle, 1996). This difference alone may be enough to determine the winner. In addition, athletes who are better hydrates during competition perform better than those who are less well-hydrated (Coyle, 1996). Having optimal carboh ydrates and fluid intake does not happen automatically. It is something that must occur with foresight and planning (Angus, 1996). 2. 1 Before competition: When consuming carbohydrates prior to exercise, there is improved performance.The general recommendation is for athletes to consume between 800 to 1200 calories during the hours that precede competition (Costill, 1985). Foods consumed prior to competition should be foods that have been consumed without difficult prior to training (Costill, 1985). Trying to improve carbohydrate status before a competition by trying out new foods, like gels or sports drinks is an almost guaranteed formula for competitive disaster (Costill, 1985). Consumption of fluids prior to competition is also important and since glycogen storage requires additional fluids carbohydrate consumption should lways take place with substantial fluid intake (William, 1996). Since it is common for athletes to drink only when thirsty a conscious effort should be make to consume fluids even when not thirsty (William, 1996). Getting and staying well-hydrated may be the single most important thing athlete can do to assure good athletic performance (Wilson, 1996). Since it is almost impossible to adequately replace all fluids lost during training or competition it is useful for athletes to enter the exercise in a well-hydrated state (Burrin, 1996).It is impossible to become well-hydrated during exercise if athlete enters the exercise poorly hydrated to begin with (Burrin, 1996). Assuming that ample fluids have been consumed during the day leading up to the re-competition or practice athletes should consume an additional 10 to 13 gram of fluid approximately two hours before the exercise begins (Wilson, 1996). After this fluids should be consumed every 15 to 30 minutes to maintain prior to exercise (William, 1996). The athlete will know if you’ve adequately hydrated yourself by checking on the colour of the athlete urine (Tsintzas, 1995).Dark urin e suggests that athlete is not well-hydrated, while clear urine suggests that athlete is well-hydrated (Stanzas, 1995). Using sports beverages (lucazad) prior to exercise is useful because they provide the two things athletes need the most: carbohydrates and fluids (William, 1995). Since carbohydrate is typically the limiting energy substance (that will run out before fat or protein runs out) in exercise (William, 1995). When starting exercise with more of it is in the tissues should aid exercise endurance (William, 1995).In low-intensity but long-duration exercise, fat may be the primarily fuel, but fat requires carbohydrates to burn completely (Singh, 1995). In either case, when carbohydrates (glycogen stores and blood glucose) are depleted, exercise performance is dramatically reduced (Wilson, 1995). This basis behind carbohydrate loading is to put as much carbohydrate in the tissue as they can hold (Wilson, 1995). 2. During competition: A marathon race where fluid are available at regular intervals, the athlete should take full advantage of each fluid station and consume fluid (Burrin, 1995).Since water is constantly being lost, frequent and regular consumption of fluid helps to maintain the body water level (Burrin, 1995). To understand how much fluid an athlete needs to consume during practice or competition, a log should be maintained with the amount of fluid consumed and the beginning and ending weight of the athletes (Sherman, 1995). If an athlete consumes 26 gram during practice and weighs 26 gram less at the end of practice than at the beginning this athletes should learn to consume an additional 26 gram of fluid during practice or competition (Sherman, 1995).Consumption of fluids that contain carbohydrates is important during exercise or competition and properly designed sport beverages can benefit in providing both fluid and carbohydrates quickly (Coggan, 1992). Carbohydrate solution of between 5 and 6 percent delivers both the carbohydrate and th e fluid quickly (Swanson, 1992). A higher carbohydrate concentration slows delivery to the muscles by delaying gastric emptying and may increase the risk of gut upset (Swanson, 1992). A small amount of sodium helps drive the desire to drink and in so doing helps to assure that the athlete stays better hydrated (Coggan, 1992).Sodium may also benefit in getting the water and carbohydrate absorbed more quickly as well as helps to maintain blood volume (Economos, 1993). Maintaining of blood volume is an important predictor of athletic performance (Economos, 1993). There is some evidence that hyponatremia (low level of blood sodium), which results from large losses of sodium in sweat that goes unreplaced, occurs endurance and ultra-endurance events (Borts, 1993). This is a rare but a serious condition that may result in comas, or death (Nelson, 1993). The beverage should be taste good to the athlete.The taste sensation may be altered during exercise so there is no guarantee that a fluid, athlete enjoys drinking while exercising. Make sure that an athlete tries different flavours during exercise to determine what is best liked. The carbohydrate should be from a combination of glucose and sucrose. Beverages containing predominantly fructose increase the risk of creating gut upset. 2. 3 Nutritional recommendation: There are several rules of nutrition that apply here. Among them is the idea of the need to consume a wide range of variety of foods to assure that the body is exposed to all of the essential nutrients (Burke, 1991).On the backside of this rule, there is another benefit. By consuming a wide range of variety of foods, athletes can avoid being exposed to any potentially toxic substances that are more prevalent in some foods (Gollan, 1991). Therefore, eating a wide range of variety of foods is a good nutritional rule to live by (Read, 1991). Another rule is the idea that it is possible to eat too much of something, even if athletes think it’s good for th em (Read, 1991). Learning to balance the diet through variety will help ensure the body of both proper maintenance and adequate nutrient intake (Gollan, 1991). 3. Summary: In general, athletes with long training schedules should focus on the consumption of diets that are high in carbohydrate and should develop a drinking habit that frequently delivers fluids to the body. While fats, constitute a major proportion of burned energy for endurance (aerobic) activities the storage capacity for fat is relatively high for even the leanest athletes. The storage capacity for carbohydrate, however, is limited. Since fats require some carbohydrate to be completely burned, the limited storage capacity for carbohydrate cam limit the body ability to burn fat during exercise.To overcome this limitation athlete should be constantly vigilant to keep body stored of carbohydrate at maximal levels before activity begins and should replace carbohydrate during activity throughout whatever means are availa ble. A failure to supply suffienct carbohydrate before and during endurance activity will significantly reduce athletic performance. 4. 0 Reference: †¢ Economos, D. , Borts, Z. , and Nelson, R. 1993. Nutritional practices of elite athletes. Sports. Med. 16:383. †¢ Burke, L. , Gollan, R. , and Read, R. 1991. Dietary intake and food use of groups of elite Australian male athletes. Int. J. Sports Nutr. 1:378. †¢ Murray, R. and Horswill, A. , 1998. Nutrition requirements for competitive sports. In nutrition in exercise and sport, 3ed. 521-558. †¢ Pate, R. , and Branch, D. 1992. Training for endurance sport. Med. Sci. Sports Exer. 24:S340. †¢ Hargreaves, M. , Dillo, P. , Angus, D. , and Fabbraio, M. 1996. Effect of fluid ingestion on muscle metabolism during pro-longed exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 80:363-6. †¢ Coyle, E. , Coggan, A. , Hammert, M. , and Ivy, L. 1986. Muscle glycogen utilization during pro-longed strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. J. App l. Physiol. 61:165-172. †¢ Costill, D. 1985. Carbohydrate nutrition before, during, and after exercise.Fed. Proc. 44:364. †¢ William, C. , Wilson, W. , and Burrin, J. 1996. Influence of carbohydrate supplementation early in exercise on endurance running capacity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28:1373-1379. †¢ Tsintzas, O. , Williams, C. , Singh, R. , Wilson, W. , and Burrin, J. 1995. Influence of carbohydrate-electrolyte drink on marathon running performance. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 70: 154-6. †¢ Sherman, M. 1995. Metabolism of sugars and physical performance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62:228S. †¢ Coggan, A. , and Swanson, S. , 1992. Nutritional manipulations before and during endurance exercise: effects on performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 24:S331.

Evaluation Essay Sample on Segway Mobility and Its Testing

Evaluation Essay Sample on Segway Mobility and Its Testing 1.0 Introduction The Segway Human Transporter (HT) is a unique two wheel, self balancing locomotion device. It was designed to allow humans to move more quickly, cover more distance, and carry more than they could by walking. The manufacturer asserts that the Segway can go anywhere one can safely walk. The maximum speed a Segway can travel is 12.5 mph, which is about 3 times the average walking speed. The Segway Mobility Evaluation was initiated with the concept that if the Segway could provide convenience for the everyday person, perhaps it is versatile enough to enhance the tasks of military personnel. Military personnel are often presented with situations that deem the use of full sized military vehicles inconvenient or even impossible, yet it would be advantageous to have use of a device that would provide for greater versatility than walking. With its small size and its capability for speed, the Segway appears to be such a device. However, military personnel are often situated on surfaces and terrains that pose a greater challenge to maneuvering over than the average person faces. The paths can be rough, scattered with obstacles, and may include a variety of surface irregularities. Hence, it was necessary to determine if the Segway HT would still provide convenience if placed in an environment that is rougher and less predictable than the environments it was designed for. 2.0 Summary of Test Plan In order to obtain performance results that would be meaningful to the military, it was important to conform the Segway testing to a set military standard. The NATO Reference Mobility Model II (NRMMII) is a series of algorithms used by the US Army and other North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries to compute the maximum velocity of a specific vehicle over a specific terrain. It is a comprehensive program that computes the maximum possible speed of the vehicle for a variety of different variables including tire pressure, tire type, ground terrain, and obstacles. The variables applicable to the Segway testing included tire type, terrain type, surface roughness, and obstacles. Other things to note are: battery life, dismounts, weather conditions, damage to Segway, and rider comfort. 2.1 Terrain Categorization The NRMMII specifies 8 different terrain types: primary road, secondary road, sand soil on trail, other soil on trail, operation in snow on trail, sand off-road, other soil off-road, and snow off-road. Given physical limitations, snow was unavailable for use at the time of testing. Additionally, the other soil on trail and other soil off-road categories were omitted because of obscurity of definition and limited terrain type in the designated test area (Seaside, SSC San Diego). Self-Imposed definitions of the terrain types allowed testing of the other four types within the limited testing area. Primary road is defined as any maintained paved road. Secondary road is defined as un-maintained paved road or maintained gravel road. Sand soil on trail is characterized as compacted sand that does not show significant ruts upon Segway crossing. Uncompacted (loose, uncompressed) sand located off trail is designated as sand off-road. 2.2 Surface Roughness The term surface roughness is used here to describe the relative quantity of surface irregularities in the terrain. In this experiment, a quantitative estimate of roughness was obtained by laying a yardstick flat on the terrain and measuring the difference in height between the yardstick and two lowest points (to the nearest Ã'Ëœ inch). This was repeated along the entire length of the test course and the values were then averaged and the standard deviation computed. The average value was then placed into one of five predetermined ranges: 0-.2, 0-.5, 0-1, 0-1.5, or 0-2, inches. For each terrain type, two or three distinct areas were found each of which fell into a different range of roughness. 2.3 Obstacles For testing purposes, an obstacle was defined as an object at a height greater than or equal to .75 inches that impedes the motion of the Segway. Obstacles encountered in nature include rocks and vegetation. Additionally, other varieties of objects may be stumbled upon on maintained roads. Since obstacles vary greatly in size, shape, and location, it would be difficult to obtain informative results by performing tests on geographical obstacles. Hence, to evaluate the Segway’s performance over obstacles, a set of model obstacles was created for testing purposes. The obstacles consisted stacking several 2 x 4 pieces of lumber and a 0.75 inch thick sheet of plywood in various combinations to attain different heights. Additional pieces were added until the Segway was no longer able clear the obstacle. 2.4 Tire Type For the initial testing, three different tires were tested. The standard Segway HT tires (the tires that come with the Segway), the Segway HT enhanced traction tires, and Dunlop D739 dirt bike tires. Since the Segway tires are tubeless, in order to use the Dunlop D739 tires, it was necessary to modify the Segway rims by drilling a hole through the plastic to accommodate a tire inner tube (size 3 x 14 inches). The Dunlop tires are mini bike tires of size 14 90/100, while the tires designed to be used with a Segway are 14 65/100. In order to install the Dunlop tires, the Segway fenders had to be removed. As a safety precaution, new fenders were fabricated using Segway e-series bag mounting brackets and slightly alternating their shape to accommodate the Dunlop tire. The onboard software of the Segway was not updated from the original configuration to accommodate the larger tires. 2.5 Experiment Set Up Before testing could begin, it was necessary to explore the testing area for assorted terrain types and roughnesses. Regions were sketched out and marked on a map of the Seaside division of SSC San Diego (appendix VI). The course length for each test varied from 30 feet to 72 feet. The boundaries were marked off with cones and two pieces of rope to facilitate timing. For the testing of the Segway over obstacles, the plywood was arranged in such a way that it wouldn’t shift during testing (see photo). The course length for obstacles was set at 92 inches (7.67 feet). 2.6 Testing Procedures The Segway was driven over the surface roughness course length three times in each direction. Time was recorded using a stop watch with accuracy of 1/100 of a second. The 6 obtained times were then averaged and an average speed computed. Similarly, for obstacle testing, the tester rode the Segway over the obstacle course 3 times in succession and time was recorded. The obstacle course consisted of a 7.67 foot long track with the obstacle in the center of the course. For obstacle testing, given that there was often be multiple attempts before passing over the obstacle, the actual distance covered varied from test to test (depending on how many runs it took to overcome the obstacle). Although â€Å"speed† is technically defined as the change in distance over the change in time, for comparative purposes and to simplify data analysis, â€Å"speed† was freely defined to be the course length (displacement) divided by the total time it takes to complete the test.

Near East vs Middle East

Near East vs Middle East Near East vs Middle East Near East vs Middle East By Maeve Maddox Readers often encounter the term Near East and wonder how the term differs from Middle East. Near East is the earlier term and, like Far East, was coined from the western perspective of European writers. The earliest example of the use of Near East in the OED is dated 1856. The earliest use of middle East to refer to the countries of Mesopotamia is dated 1876. The first example in which middle is capitalized is dated 1900. According to the AP Style Guide, the countries of the Middle East are Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kuwait, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Egypt, Sudan, and the eastern part of Turkey. Noting that popular usage once distinguished between the Near East and the Middle East, AP recommends using Middle East unless a story source uses the term Near East. Here are some quotations from newspapers: The near-east side, compared to what it was when we first moved down there in 2000, its night-and-day different. You have new home The Middle East is one of the most diverse regions in the world. Despite some turmoil in the region, many countries are considered safe for The Middle East is one of the most interesting regions to travel to, due to the diversity of the people and a fascinating ancient history. Although Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should Know"Latter," not "Ladder"7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing

Case Management Plan (Nursing) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case Management Plan (Nursing) - Essay Example Case as an organizer of care delivery and research has been commonly used in practice settings, and this is often person centred. This is one systematic approach to the presently advocated holistic paradigm of nursing care. Before going to present the assessment, analysis, and care plan based on the case management approach, it is important to know why it is important. The idea is to improve the ability of the health care systems to respond efficiently to the demands or needs of the older people like Mrs. Chang. It has greater implications than are apparent. Studies have indicated that most elderly people despite considerable debility prefer to stay at home, while the models of cost-effective care are shortening the lengths of hospital stay. Care in the community has, thus, gained significant importance. Case management approach may be the first step towards successfully achieving this (Brown et al., 2005, 1-32). Mrs. Chang is an elderly woman with 82 years of age with late stage parkinsonism. She is thin and frail. On the baseline, she has late stage parkinsonism, although the exact clinical features are not highlighted in this case study. This condition is characterized by gradual slowing of voluntary movement, muscular rigidity, stooped posture, and distinctive rigid gait. Over and above that, she has evidence of rheumatoid arthritis of both hands. As indicated in the history, she tripped and fell in the bathroom; this impairment of mobility may get accentuated with her rheumatic disease. Although not highlighted in the case history, a thorough examination of all her joints is mandatory to indicate the status of age-related osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, which would further aggravate her problem of mobility. During this admission, she was admitted since she sustained a fall at home in the bathroom, and she has been admitted to the hospital for observation and further evaluation. Her cur rent medications have not been mentioned, but she has been on ibuprofen. This indicates her baseline chronic pain, which may further compromise her mobility. The impaired mobility is further accentuated by the fact that at home, she stays with her husband who is older than her by 4 years, who himself may be frail enough to be insufficient to help her out in these activities at home. The patient will express feelings of increased comfort, decreased pain and will be able to perform activities of daily living within the confines of the disease and will maintain joint mobility and range of motion while exhibiting adaptive coping behaviour. Improvement in muscle strength and endurance would be the goal (Burgess-Limerick, 2003, 143-148). An impaired nervous system can manifest in many ways, from subtle weakness to drastic loss of

A comparison of Boeing & Airbus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A comparison of Boeing & Airbus - Essay Example Here the researcher has discussed the operational management and strategies of two leading aircraft manufacturing companies. Therefore, researcher mainly stressed on five key aspects of operational performance objectives which are quality, speed, dependability, cost and flexibility. The various components of the operational management techniques have been discussed in details with emphasis on indispensable ingredients which can help the buyers. The quality assurance techniques need to be supervised and monitored in such a way so that the end results can be delivered in accordance with the proposed or assured quality. The speed is an important in the airlines industry. So, the researcher draws a comparison between the speeds of two companies. Finally, the flexibility, cost and dependability will discuss to highlight the operational efficiencies. Introduction In present corporate scenario, the international business management plays a crucial role to manage the business network (operat ion management) across the globe. So, most of the companies introduce innovative strategies to enhance the business network and reduce the competition. In this sense, strategic management is an integral part of international business management. ... Strategic management provides sustainability to a business entity in the competitive market. It gives a clear picture to the employees about their job culture and co-relates it with the organizational goals. Operational strategy helps in increasing the productivity of the firm and maximizes the skills of the employees by introducing new work cultures and providing new area of work. Thus, strategic management is beneficial to a firm in various important aspects. This study will throw light on the contribution of strategic operations management as well as the operational performance of two leading airlines company Boeing and Airbus (Owen and Maidment, 2009 p.142). Company overview Boeing Boeing is one of the largest aerospace companies in the World. The corporate office of the Boeing is established in Chicago. The company is specialised for manufacturing commercial jetliners and defence, space and security systems. This is the top exporter which attaches with the 150 countries’ allied governments and airlines companies. The product and service range of the company includes military and commercial aircraft, weapons, satellites, lunch system, defence and electronics system, communication and advanced information systems and performance based training and logistics. The aerospace company is traditionally specialised in innovation and leadership. The primary objective of the company is to meet the emerging customer needs through its continuous expansion of the product line. There are 170000 employees are connected with the business network throughout the world. The operational efficiency of Boeing shows the quality of the employee force. There are two customized business unit i.e. Boeing Commercial Airplanes and Boeing Defence, Space & Security. The company also has

William Shakespeare Sonnets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

William Shakespeare Sonnets - Essay Example Sonnet 144, 146, 147 and 152 are a few of his completed works and these sonnets carry with them important themes and messages. The theme of love is evident in these sonnets like all of his works. Sonnet 144 mainly discusses the theme of how women are evil owing to the distraction that they provide to men and hence move men away from their faith. The sonnet explains how men are physically attracted to women and Shakespeare considers this attraction to be of threat to pure love. On the other hand, Sonnet 146 carries a spiritual theme and reflects upon the segregation of the soul from the body upon the death of a person. Sonnet 147 explains the theme of illness and how illness drives a person towards depression. The last sonnet in discussion that is sonnet 152 revolves around the confusion of the poet regarding love and whether the love of the dark lady can be trusted and relied upon. The four sonnets carry with them individually very deep themes and meanings which are to be understood by the reader. Sonnets William Shakespeare is one name that fails to be unknown. From children to elderly, whether associated with Literature or not, everyone knows him as a man, who wrote plays and poetry. As general as that sounds, that is the magnanimity of his reputation and fame. To be more precise, William Shakespeare is a person who has contributed to English Literature more than anyone else. In his life, he was known for his plays, theatres and drama, but after his death, the rest of his published work showed that he was a much more intense and qualified poet. The sixteenth century celebrated him and his talents, nevertheless, any celebration or recognition remains small to the size of his contributions. His poetry remains alive today and his sonnets are a perfect example of it. As deep as his sonnets were, they had a certain mysterious element to it. There is a hidden story in each sonnet, yet they all seem connected and extremely personal at the same time. It’s the typical Shakespeare magic. The sonnets discussed in this paper are Sonnet 144, 146, 147 and 152; their complications, themes, story and their whole Shakespeare affect. Sonnet 144’s main theme is about how a woman is an evil figure when it comes to luring men. In this Sonnet, Shakespeare talks about good and bad people and refers them to as the â€Å"two loves† and the â€Å"two spirits†. He is explaining the human nature of men as to how women attract them physically and damage their faith. It somehow reflects the reality of life that no matter what happens; men will always have a desire for women. Shakespeare writes this sonnet with a feeling of threat that he feels from this evil to his â€Å"pure love.† This sonnet clearly explains the war that rages within a man after he falls in love; a war between his spirit and body. And according to this sonnet, the woman is the evil that supports body over the spirit. In short, the woman is like a wall between he ll and heaven. Moving on, sonnet 146 is said to be the only sonnet which has a grave religious element to it. None of the other sonnets by William Shakespeare have that connection to God. This Sonnet, in particular brings out the feeling of â€Å"impending death.† Even though there is no particular mention of God, there is a spiritual and a meditative feel about this. And once again, we witness a battle between the soul and body but in a completely different way. This battle is the detachment that takes place between the body and soul when a person dies. Sonnet number 147 is a different story in whole. It portrays the poet, that is, William Shakespeare as a sick man who is suffering from a disease that involves an excruciating fever. The expression in the sonnet

Domestic Violence Generalist Social Work

Domestic Violence Generalist Social Work Domestic Violence Generalist Social Work Generalist social work practice is the knowledge, skills, and value ethics to enhance human well-being and promotes social and economic justice. Dealing with domestic violence as a social worker you much network, gathering up all the information you would need to help the victim or the perpetrators. Social workers provide services to victims and perpetrators. Direct services to victims of domestic violence include counseling and support through shelter programs, individual counseling through private setting, and social justice community organizing effort to prevent domestic violence from occurring. Social workers provide services to victims of domestic violence through shelter; the services provided empowerment and advocacy. Victim population Domestic violence is a pattern of behavior which involves violence or abuse by the person against another in a domestic context such as marriage of cohabitation. Domestic violence is use to gain or maintain power or control over their partner. Domestic violence can happen to anyone regardless of age, education, race, religious, gender, or sexual orientation; the problems of domestic violence is often overlooked, excused, or denied. One of the earliest conceptualizations of domestic violence was based on a cyclical conflict model known as Cycle of Violence, Cycle of Violence is a pattern often experienced in abuse relationship. Domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to women. Studies suggest that Domestic Violence Jones 4 up to 10 million children witness some form of domestic violence according to (Social Work and Family Violence page 36). Boys who witnessed their parents domestic violence when they grow older are twice as likely to abuse their spouse or significant other as those that did not witness domestic violence. Most domestic violence incident are never reported. According to Albert R. Roberts more than 60% of domestic violence incident happen at home. Types of Domestic Violence The types of domestic violence are physical, emotional, financial, identity, and sexual abuse which can turn into martial rape. Domestic violence often occurs when the culprit believes that abuse is justified and acceptable. Physical abuse is an act of another party involving contact intended to cause feelings of physical pain, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm. Examples are hitting, chocking, and biting, shoveling, arm twisting, slapping, kicking, and burning. Physical abuse also consent of holding your partner down preventing them from leaving, also smashing, damage, stealing, or selling their possession. I think everyone at some point of their relationship has been emotional abuse. Emotional abuse can be verbal or nonverbal. Emotional abuse is undermining an individual sense of self-worth; any use of words, voice, action, or lack action use to control, hurt,or demean another person. Some examples of emotional abuse include name calling, humiliation, screaming, controlling where the victim goes and what they do, and harassing. Another type of abuse is financial abuse. Financial abuse is any type of behavior that maintains power and control over finances. Examples of financial abuse are Domestic Violence Jones 5 controlling financial assets and effectively putting them on an allowance, damaging their partner credit score, preventing the victim from working, and taking credit cards, checks and money. Identity abuse is using personal characteristic to demean, manipulate, and control their partner. Examples are ridiculing partners physical challenges or exploring them, stating that their partner will never have another relationship because they are fat or ugly, and using stereotype and negativity. The last type is sexual abuse. Sexual abuse is any type any forced or coerced sexual act or behavior motivated to acquire power and control but also demeans or embrace your victim. Some example of sexual abuse is unwanted touching, forcing sex or sexual actions on your partner withoutconsent using force or roughness that is not consensual, forced sex which is also rape. Rape with an object, refusing to comply with the partners request for safe sex, treating their partner as a sex object, or withholding sex as a punishment. Victim The victim is a 29 year old black female with no job, her religion is Baptist, she has no handicap conditions, and she is a high school graduate. Her socioeconomic status is poor. The victim is married with four children. The victim stays in a 3 bedroom and 1 bathroom house. She describes her neighborhood as being okay. She is a homemaker and her husband is the financial provider. Her husband makes all final decision. Growing up her father occupation was a preacher and the mother was forces to quit her job. Her father is in jail and her mother is dead. She has two sisters. As a child the victims family stayed in an apartment complex. Before the crisis the victim describe Domestic Violence Jones 6 her family as being normal. She stated â€Å"We had the typical family my family was normal.† The victim revisited the time when they had a Halloween party. They did not go out for candy but her mom dressed up in a costume. They made popcorn balls and ate candy until their dad made it home. After that they watched a family movie then went to bed, that night they all slept in one room. The victims family is considered close knit. Her two sisters stay in apartments in bad neighborhoods. One of her sister has 4 children, she does not work, and she is engaged. The other sister has 3 children and is expecting one; she works at a fast food restaurant, and is engaged. The victim and her sisters were raised by their mom. Later that year in 1996 they moved in with their grandparents. All of the pain started when the victims father started using drugs. The victim father was on drugs very bad. She witnessed her father physical and verbal abusing her mother. He threw glass plates, slapped her in the face, threw her against the wall, and called her bitches and whores. At the age of 10 the victim started getting raped by her father. The first time he did it her mom was not a home they were there alone; she was watching TV. She stated â€Å"He grabbed me from the front room and said youare in big trouble.† She did not know what she did that was wrong. He took her into her mothers bedroom pulled her pants off and her underwear off and raped her. She saidâ€Å"The only thing she remembers is screaming and hollering.† She did not tell her mom. She told her best friend and made her promise not to tell anyone. The victim got pregnant at the age of 11. After her mom gained knowledge about the rape, she left only to find out she was pregnant by her father. The victims mother moved out of the state of Mississippi for two weeks. While she was Domestic ViolenceJones 7 out of the state her mother took her to have an abortion. They moved back to Mississippi and moved in with her parents. Two weeks after movingback her husband was coming to his in laws house begging her to come back making promises that he was not going to do drugs, he was not going to physical abuse her, or ever touch his daughter again. Shortly after that they all moved back in with their father. After a week of moving back in the father came home in a rage. Her parents begin arguing and during the argument he grabbed his shot gun. He left the room they was arguing in and went to the daughter’s bedroom, grabbed his oldest daughter from the bed by her ponytail and begin dragging her to the back room of their apartment. The sister ran out of the apartment once he grabbed the sister and dragged her to the back. Her mother begged and pleaded, crying â€Å"Please let her go, I’ll do anything.† The mother gained access of the daughter and they headed for the window. When the first gunshot went off she was pushing the screen out of the window, the second gunshot went off she push her daughter out of the window, the third gunshot went off when her mom was out of the window. They fell from a two story building. Her mothers last words were â€Å"Is my daughter okay. The victim was unconscious with a broken leg and a broke back. After the tragic accident her father fled the scene and went to his moms house. When the police arrested him he said, â€Å"The drugs made me do it.† The victim says â€Å"Not a day go by that she don’t think about her mom, she also stated that her mom birthdays and Mothers Day is the hardest day of the year for her.† One of the victim sisters did not remember much from that night; she remembers her dad coming in the room with a gun screaming. After she took her sister Domestic Violence Jones 8 out the room, her and the baby sister ran out the apartment andran down stairs and hid behind some bushes. The victim was unable to make her moms funeral because the condition that was inflicted on her; they recorded the funeral for her. Her father got life for the crimes he committed. The victim father committed plenty of the domestic violence crimes. Ethical Issues Ethical issue is a problem or situation that requires a person or organization to choose between alternatives that must evaluated as ethical or unethical. As a social worker many of the people we work with will be victims; most males will have battered their partners. Social workers find themselves being challenge by difficult ethical decision. Ethical perplexity comes about in situations when you have to choose between two or more relevant but contradictory ethical value. Personal ethics is ethics that a person identifies with respect so people and situations that they deal with in everyday life. Professional ethics refers to the ethics that a person must adhere to in respect of the interaction and business dealing in their professional life. Domestic violence perpetration would say if I can’t have you no one will; as a social worker that will be a threat. You will have to break confidentiality and protect a life. You can not influence your views of clients and affect the willingness to take action on the professions value base. When you become a social worker your personal values should be put aside for professional ones. The degree of conflict we experience will vary with the degree of personal commitment Domestic Violence Jones 9 and the deeper the commitment to personal value, the greater the possibility of conflict with professional value. (Grooch and Olsen, 1994 page 6) You have to remember that someone else may believe and something else. Social workers are expected to embrace a diversity of value and people. Policies The FVPSA (Family Violence Prevention and Service Act) is a bill is the only funding source dedicated to helping victims of domestic violence; they funds emergency shelter and related services and programs for domestic violence. The bill creates grant funding for states, tribes, and domestic violence coalitions. The bill support the needs of children exposed to violence it also addressprevention of children from victimization. Laws in Mississippi Mississippi have two domestic violence crimes simple domestic violence and aggravated domestic. A person is guilty of simple domestic violence if he or she commits a simple assault against a current or former spouse, child of a current or formal spouse, person with whom the offender lives or formerly lived as a spouse or as a child of that person, family member who lives or previously lived with the offender, person with whom the offender has a child. A person commies a simple assault if he or she attempts to physically injure another person, intentionally or recklessly cause physical injury to another, negligently causes bodily injury to another with a deadly weapon, or threatens another person, causing that person to feel afraid that he or she is about to suffer serious physical injury. (Mississippi Code 97-3-7) A reckless act is one that is committed, not Domestic Violence Jones 10 necessarily with intent to harm another, but without regard for the outcome. Pushing someone out of the way in a crowd so that you can get through, without intending to injury the person, could be an assault if the person falls and is injuries. A negligent act is one which is not intentional but which occurs because the actor fails to excise reasonable care. An accidental shooting can be a negligent assault if it results from a person not being careful enough when handling or firing a gun. Aggravated domestic violence is guilty of aggravated of domestic violence if he commits an aggravated assault against a spouse, family member, or romantic partner. A person commits aggravate assault if he or she attempt to cause serious bodily injury to another person. Intention or reckless cause’sserious bodily injury to another while acting with extreme indifferent to human life. Attempts or causes bodily injury to another person with a deadly weapon or by other means likely to cause death or seriously bodily injury, or causes injury to a child who is in the process of boarding or exiting a school bus if the offender has failed to stop for the bus according to traffic laws. (Mississippi Code 97-3-7) To act reckless is to act with extreme indifference to the value of human life, the actor does not need tointend to injure to the victim. He or she may attend to shot a person other than the victim but take no precautions to avoid hurting others. He or she may shoot a gun into a crowd appear menacing but without regard for whether he or she actually injuries someone in the crowd. To be reckless or to act with extreme indifference to human life is to act with extreme carelessness. Micro, Mezzo, and Macro Social work is divided into three practice micro, mezzo, and macro. Micro the smallest Domestic Violence Jones 11 group; the individual the victim. Mezzo deals with the neighborhoods, institution. Macro is the large group, the whole group deals with the communities. Intervention that might alleviate domestic violence should be applied at all three levels micro, mezzo, and macro. The micro level focuses on personal interaction with the victims on individual levels. Micro level could embrace a school social work counseling on an abuse student. As a social worker at the micro level you can help by empowering the person that you are helping with domestic violence. You should also build up their confidence find out what they are really good at. The mezzo level change people by ringing them together who are not as intimate as a couple, but can build and benefit from social network. The best thing to do as a social worker on the mezzo for domestic violence is group therapy. The macro level focuses on the general issues. Macro level is policy changing. Looking at domestic violence from the macro level is recognizing that the issue is recognizing that the issue of males control over women is throughout society. Macro deals with policy changes with law enforcement, protective order, prosecution, the churches, and the oppression of women. Domestic violence may occur at the micro level, but it is also a macro problem. Social workers are involved with violent families, but also must be working at a community level and on policies that will be less tolerate to domestic violence. Assessment is the evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something. Domestic Violence Jones 12 Assessment Assess the immediate safety needs of the victim are you in danger Assess the pattern and history of the abuse How long has the violence been going on Asses the connection between domestic violence and the patents health issue What is the degree of the partners control Asses the victims current access to advocacy and support groups What resource you used or tried Assess victims safety; Is the future risk or death or significant injury or harm due to domestic violence Make sure the victim is safe Intervention Inventions Intervention is the action of process of intervening; interference by a country in anothers affair. Goals for effectively responding to domestic violence victims Increase victim safety Domestic Violence Jones 13 Listen to the patient and provide validating messages You dont deserve this Provide information about domestic violence to the patient Listen and respond the safety issues Show the patient a brochure about safety Make referrals to local resources Explain any advocacy and support systems Follow up steps for health care practitioners Keep contact with the patient Domestic Violence Jones 2 Abstract Domestic violence is one of the most unreported crimes due to fear of retaliation. Fear and promise for changes are what keep the victim in the relationship so long. Most victims think that if they leave their partner will harm them. This paper is about domestic violence and the social worker views of domestic violence. References Dr. Joan McClennan Social work and Family Violence 2010 Roberts R. Albert Handbook of Domestic Violence 2012 Rosenberg Jessica Working in Social Work 2009 Grooch and Olsen 1994